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Exam 1 madness and med
Exam 1
63
Psychology
Graduate
06/14/2011

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Term
Historiography
Definition
The writing of history or study of the methods of history and historical writing
Term
Types of historians
Definition
  • Practitioner- more internal, trained as scientist
  • academic- more external
  • Internalism- more focused (drugs based on first use)
  • Externalism- broad (economy, politics, etc.)
  • Present Oriented- write from modern day perspective (internal or external)
  • diachronical- written like you don't know the present (usually externalism, impossible to actually do)
Term
Presentism 
Definition

writing history from modern day perspective

 

advantage- continuities, learn lessons from the past, help understand the present, predict the future

 

disadvantages- anachronism (judging the past by today's standards)

Term
Humors (4)
Definition

(primary qualities, element, humor, temperament)

  1. hot/most - air - blood (heart) - sanguine
  2. moist/cold - water - phlegm(brain) - phlegmatic
  3. cold/dry - earth -black bile(spleen,bowel)-melancholic
  4. dry/hot - fire - yellow bile (liver) - choleric
Term
2 theories of scientific progress
Definition

Personalistic- change the result of individual's actions

 

Naturalistic- times set the stage for progress, if one person doesn't do it another person will

Term
Differences between history and science (3)
Definition

-historical events are unique, science is usually repeatable

 

-in science causal variables can be isolated and manipulated (goal of history isn't causal)

 

-Science yields universal laws under all circumstances (history is not lawful in the same way, but can be lawful) 

Term
History and Science similarities (6)
Definition
  1. both strive for truth (history: what really happened, science, truths about the world
  2. knowledge is cumulative
  3. evidence-based
  4. conclusions are subject to refutation 
  5. some sciences deal with non-repeatable events too
  6. history is somewhat lawful

 

Term
2 points for scientific skepticism
Definition

1. Problem of INduction

2. All experiences/evidence is interpreted

Term
How science works in induction
Definition

-popperain model of science- science progresses through conjecture & refutation 

 

-conjecture (propose) -> refutation (other ppl try to prove it wrong) 

 

proof is never possible but disproof is

Term
Foucault
Definition

social consturction of reality


-philosopher who felt mental illness did not exist but was constructed by society

-each society has a truth constructed by consensus of individual and institutions who have special authorities to tell the truth

Term
The New Historicism
Definition

AKA Postmodernism

 

Social construction of reality

-we have no objective knowledge of the external world (it is all uncertain) so knowledge is a social construction

Term
Thomas Kuhn
Definition

Normal science and scientific revolution

 

The structure of scientific revolutions

Term
Normal science (5) vs. Scientific revolution (2)
Definition

Normal Science

-paradigm driven

-confirming and extending paradigm (not finding truth)

-cumulative growth of knowledge

-continuity of knowledge and concepts

-troublesome anomalies are ignored or explained away

 

scientific revolution

-paradigm shift

-discontinuous growth of knowledge

Term
Paradigm
Definition

set of beliefs shared by a group of scientists

 

defines fundamental nature of thing studied (in mental illness a chemical disturbance), questions to ask, and methods

Term
Etymology
Definition
-origin of words
Term
Ontology
Definition
-nature of being, most fundamental questions
Term
etymology in mental illness
Definition

-madness: from gothic mod, meaning anger or rage

 

-Modness: old English, meaning folly or foolishness

Term
Characteristics of madness
Definition

-delusions (false beliefs) 

-hallucinations 

-disorganized thinking

-bizarre behavior

-severe mood swings

Term
6 synonyms for madness
Definition

Mania- rage

insane-unsound mind

delirium-out of track, high fever

crazy-crushed or broken

lunacy-moonstruck

psychosis-today's term

Term
Psychosis as a term (4 disturbances)
Definition

 

Involes disturbances of the mind such as 

-passions

-judgment

-hallucinations

-delusions

Term
2 types of psychoses
Definition

1. organic psychoses

-general paresis of the insane (GPI) from syphilis

-alzheimer's

-alcoholism

-domain of neurology

 

2. functional psychoses- cause unknown

-assume a chemical imbalance but don't always know what the imbalance is

-domain of psychiatry


Term
5 causes of psychosis
Definition
  1. Infections disease
  2. toxins (alcohol, mercury, drugs)
  3. neurological diseases (TBI, alzheimers, epilepsy)
  4. metabolic disorders (pellagra, hyperthyroidism)
  5. functional or cause unknown
Term
Terminology across time
Definition
  • Antiquity-enlightenment: madness, mania
  • enlightenment-20th century: insanity lunacy
  • 20th century-present: psychosis
Term
Dichotomous classification
Definition

Madness

melancholia

Term
Humor Temperaments
Definition

sanguine - cheerful, hopeful, confident

phlegmatic - not easily excited, sluggish, apathetic

melancholic

choleric (billious)- angery

 

 

Term
Hippocrates
Definition
  • Hippocratic corpus- compilation of medical records (observation, openness to explanations, natural causes)
  • Father of medicine
  • Emphasized naturalism and observation (empiricism)
  • Introduced humors
  • First to say illnesses weren't God's punishment but of natural causes)
Term
Sacred Disease
Definition

Hippocrates

-written about epilepsy and attributing it to the 4 humors instead of a religious meaning

-patients are phlegmatic but it does nto attack the bilious

-brain is really important and controls everything

Term
York Retreat
Definition

Started by William Tuke (lay person)

-put into effects ideals proposed earlier (nice hospital, small, wel staffed) 

-ideals of moral practices

Term
Galen
Definition

-founder of experimental physiology

Contributions: 

-arteries contain blood

-7 cranial nerves

-sensory & motor nerves

-nerves relay impulses from brain and spine

 

-believed in hippocratic doctrin of humors

 

Term
Mind-body problem
Definition

dualsim - separate things (descarte)

monism- idealism, all mind no matter (berkeley)

 

Term
Types of Monism
Definition

Materialism, physicalism, naturalism

-Logical behaviorsm

-neurophysiological identity theory: mind is identical to brain cell activity

 

Idealism

-all mind, not matter, all reality is mental

-Berkeley- to perceive is to be perceived (god always there)

Term
Determinism
Definition

-future is fixed by the past, no free will 

-every effect has a natural cause, since the start of time is a complex chain

 

Term
Reductionism
Definition

-complex of a phenomenon can be udnerstood by its parts

 

Hierarcy of sciences from complex to simple (sociology, psychology, biology, chemistry, physics) 

Term
Reductionism problems
Definition

Idea may be fundamentally wrong

-emergence (whole more than sum of parts) 

-Mary problem w/ colors

 

If right in priciple we can't reduce mental to biological yet

Term
Nuanced Materialism
Definition

Information Processing theory of mind

-brain is a computer (wetware) and mind is software emerged from information processing

 

-mental events are causal 

-mind can exist on non-biological substrates

Term
Functionalist perspective on etiology of madness
Definition

-problems with information processing in one of 2 areas (wetware or software) 

 

2 causes of this damage (genetic, experiential)

e.g. genetic damage to software- lacking theory of mind or ascribing mental process to others

Term
Peak of asylum error and now
Definition

-peak in mid 1950s at 500,000 in mental hospitals

-today about 50,000

Term
Dorothea Dix
Definition

-came into contact w/ mentally ill in prison bible studies and wanted to improve conditions

 

-early advocate for mentally ill

 

-pressed for construction of state hospitals & for government involvement

 

-went to farms, homes and found locked up mentally ill people to present to legislators

Term
Alienists
Definition

-first psychiatrists (french insane, latin estrange)

 

-medical specialty with idea of a therapeutic asylum

 

-"psychiatry" termed by Reil

 

-concerned with mental alienation

-phsycial isolation of hospital

-superintendents isolated for mainstream medicine

Term
Belief of early alienists
Definition
-believed mental illness was inherited and had a biological cause but some still believed it was more social (romantic)
Term
Soranus
Definition

-earliest systematic writings on mental illness (phrenitis- hippocrates brain swelling)

 

-condition of pores between atoms determines health

 

-solidism and atomism

 

Mania- impariment of reason, sudden emotional change, delusions

Term
Aretaeus
Definition

-eclectic

 

-saw ppl exhibiting manic and depressive states w/ normal inbetween (bi-polar) 

 

-stressed the course and outcome of disease (diagnosing)

Term
Trepannation
Definition

-drilling a whole in the skull to the dura-mater

-used for migraines, epilepsy, and mental illness

Term
Traditional view of psychiatry in the middle ages
Definition

-epiricism dies

-demonology restored

-mentally ill as witches

-priests acting as psychiatrists

Term
Nuanced view of psychiatry in the middle ages
Definition

-hippocratic medicine survived in european monasteries, eastern roman empire, middle east

 

-academic med was naturalistic and empirical

-preists were often trained physicians

-inquisitions aimed at heretics not mentally ill

-torture of mentally ill was rare

-religious institutions source of social compassion for ill

obsession w/ demonology and persecution of m. illwas uring renaissance and after

Term
Incidence vs prevalence
Definition

-Prevalence: ration of ppl in category to number of ppl in population (extent of disease in general pop)

 

-Incidence- number of new cases occuring in a period of time (risk for developing disease) 

Term
Factors affecting prevalence of mental illness (4)
Definition
  1. broaden concept of mental illness (counting neurosis) 
  2. improved identification of cases
  3. increasing length of disease (decrease in death or recovery rate) 
  4. increase in the # of people getting sick
Term
Incidence of mental illness measurement
Definition
-first time admissions to mental hospitals
Term
Clifford Beers
Definition

-national committee for mental hygeine- focus on prevention

 

-big on de-institutionalization

 

-A mind that found itself (he was m. ill but was in remission long enough to write this book about the conditions)


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Term
Why new history tx is needed
Definition

-last ones were written when psychoanalysis appeared saintly and they actually don't work

-needs to depict that disorders do have a biological cause

Term
classic schizophrenia
Definition

-insidious early onset, chronic course (no recovery), progressive deterioration in personality emotion & cognition

 

-not seen before 1800 then drastically increase

Term
Urbanization and Schizophrenia
Definition

-increased cognitive stress

 

-rise in infectious disease (viruses) due to more ppl in one place

-schizophrenia correlated with flu pandemics

-season of brith effect (3rd trimester in winter are more likely to have kids with schizophrenia)

Term
Battie
Definition

1st alienist

-1st to suggest asylums could be therapeutic

 

-removed from stress, calm and clean, routine, self control, doctor/patient relationship

Term
Chiarugi
Definition

Moral Therapy (psychotherapy-instilling hope) - specified how to run an asylum w/ humain treatment

 

Battie thought all nerves, chiarugie thought it had a psychological sense

Term
Pinel
Definition

-usually credited with moral therapy 

-"unchained ppl" but replaced w/ straight jackets

 

-advocated principles of moral therapy

Term
Esquirol
Definition

Originators of "romantic psychiatry"- m illness had social cause and emphasized environmental influence (passion leads to m. illness and is influenced by circumstances) 

 

-implemented idea of "therapeutic community"

 

-pinel's pupil

Term
Rush
Definition

-Father of American Psychiatry

-wrote text books, learned moral therapy but didn't use it

 

-bled patients, tranquilizer w/ box over head

Term
diseases accounting for increase in prevalence & incidence
Definition

-syphilis (GPI)

-alcoholism

-schizophrenia (recency hypothesis)

Term
4 possible reasons for growth in hospital population
Definition

1. redistribution

2.population growth

3. increased prevalence

4. increased incidence

Term
snake pit, virginia's cause of illness and cure
Definition

-cause is childhood experience (mother cold and unloving)

-solution- dr. Kick (freudian) gave her insight into her mother

Term
snake pit propaganda
Definition

-strongly favored psychotherapy 

 

-showed med treatments (electroconvulsive, narcoanalysis-psychoanalysis w/ a sedative, and hydrotherapy -dunking in cold water or baths)

Term
countering foucault
Definition

-many of the prominent figures came from private clinics that were not coming from the politis or the public

-m. ill people weren't treated well in history

Term
Bedlam
Definition

-started as bethlem with 6 insane men in England

-lots of gruesom pics of it

-bedlam now synonym for chaotic madness

-in 1815 they had 122 patients

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