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| Science of behavior and mental processes. |
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| Approach to knowledge based on systematic observation. |
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| Directly observable and measurable actions. |
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| Private psychological activities that include thinking, perceiving, and feeling. |
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| Tentative explanations of facts and relationships in sciences. |
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| 19th century school of psychology that sought to determine the structure of the mind through controlled introspection. |
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| The process of looking inward at one's own consciousness. |
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| School of thought based on the belief that human consciousness cannot be broken down into its elements. |
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| Organized or unified whole. |
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| Perception of apparent movement between two stationary stimuli. |
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| 19th century school of psychology that emphasized the useful functions of consciousness. |
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| Mental processes of perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, knowing, deciding, and so on. |
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| Viewpoint in psychology that emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and thinking. |
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| School of psychology that emphasizes the process of learning and the measurement of overt behavior. |
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| Viewpoint that the most important aspects of our behavior are learned from other persons in society- family, friends, and culture. |
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| All mental activity of which we are unaware. |
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| Internal states or conditions that activate behavior and give it direction. |
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| Technique of helping persons with emotional problems based on Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious mind. |
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| Psychological view that human beings possess an innate tendancy to improve and determine their lives by decisions they make. |
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| Perspective in psych. founded by Binet that focuses on the measurement of mental functions. |
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| Viewpoint in psych. that focuses on the nervous system in explaining behavior and mental processes. |
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| Sociocultural Perspective |
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| Theory of psych. that states it is necessary to inderstand a person's culture and other social influences to fully understand him/her. |
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| Field of social science that studies the ways in which cultures are both similar and different from one another and how cultures influence human behavior. |
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| Perspective that promotes thinking of different cultures in relative terms rather than judgemental terms. |
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| Psychologists who use knowledge of psych. to solve and to prevent human problems. |
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| Method of studying nature based on systematic observation and rules of evidence. |
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| Evidence based on observations of publicly observable phenomena, such as behavior, that can be confirmed by other observers. |
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| Definition used in science that is explicitly based on the procedures, or operations, used to measure a scientific phenomenon, including behavior. |
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| Tentative explanations of facts and relationships in sciences. |
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| Group of human or nonhuman research participants studied to learn about an entire population of human beings or animals. |
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| Repeating studies based on the scientific principle that the results of studies should be doubted until the same results have been found in similar studies by other researchers. |
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| Methods of obdervation used to describe predictable behavior and mental processes. |
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| Research method that uses interviews and questionaires with individuals. |
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| Research Method based on recording behavior as it occurs in natural life settings. |
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| Method od studying people while they are receiving psychological help from a mental health professional. |
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| Research method that measures the strength of the relation between variables. |
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| A factor that can be assigned a numerical value. |
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| Units of measure expressed in numerical terms. |
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| The numerical expression of the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. |
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| Research method that allows the researcher to manipulate the independent variable to study its effect on the dependent variable. |
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| Variable whose quantitative value is independently controlled by the researcher. |
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| Variable whose quantitative value is expected to depend on the effects of the independent variable. |
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| Group in an experiment that receives some value of the independent variable. |
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| Group in simple experiments that is not exposed to any level of the independent variable and is used for comparisons with the treatment group. |
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| Requirement that participants by assigned randomly to experimental conditions in formal experiments rather than in a systematic way. |
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| Requirement that all explanations for differences in the dependent variable are controlled in formal experiments, except for differences in conditions of the independent variable. |
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| Changes in behavior produced by a condition in a formal experiment thought to be inert or inactive, such as an inactive pill. |
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| Formal experiment in which the researcher who measures the dependent variable does not know which participants are in the experimental group or the control group. In double-blind experiments, the participants also do not know if they are in the experimental or control group. |
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| Subtle but potentially powerful unintentional influences on the dependent variable caused by experimenters' interacting differently with participants in the experimental and the control groups. |
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| Middle set of scored that are ordered from smallest to largest where 50% have higher and 50% have lower scores. |
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| Symmetrical pattern of scores on a scale in which a majority of the scores are clustered near the center and a minority are at the extremes. |
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| Most common score in a set of scores. |
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| Mathematical measure of how spread out scores are from the mean score. |
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| Decision based on statistical calculations that a finding was unlikely to have occured by chance. |
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| Complex mass of neural cells and related cells encased in the skull. |
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| The nerve fibers in the spinal column. |
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| The central part of the neuron that includes the nucleus. |
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| Extensions of the cell body that usually serve as receiving areas for messages from other neurons. |
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| Neuron branches that transmit messages to other neurons. |
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| Bundle of long neurons outside the brain and spinal cord. |
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| Electronically charged particles. |
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| The covering of a neuron or another cell. |
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| Surface that allows some, but not all, particles to pass through. |
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| Resting state of a neuron, when more negative ions are inside and more positive ions are outside the cell membrane. |
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| Process during which positively charged ions flow into the axon, making it less negatively charged inside. |
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| Brief electrical signal that travels the length of the axon. |
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| Law that states that once a neural action potential is produced, its magnitude is always the same. |
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| Insulating fatty covering wrapped around the axon that speeds the transmission of neural messages. |
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| Space between the axon of one neuron and another neuron. |
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| The small space between two neurons at a synapse. |
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| Chemical substances, produced by axons, that transmit messages across the syanpse. |
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| Tiny vessles containing stored quantities of the neurotransmitter substance held in the synaptic terminals of the axon. |
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| The knoblike tips of axons. |
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| Sites on the neuron that receive the neurotransmitter substance. |
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| Cells that assist neurons by transporting nutrients to them, producing myelin sheath, and regulating the likelihood of transmission of messages across the synaptic gap. |
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| A neurotransmitter used by somatic neurons that contract the body's large muscles. Plays a role in memory; helps regulate dreaming. |
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| A neurotansmitter substance used by neurons in the brain that control large muscle movements and by neurons in pleasure and reward systems in the brain. |
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| Neurotransmitter used by systems of neurons believed to regulate sleep, dreaming, appetite, anxiety, depression, and the inhibition of violence. |
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| Neurotransmitter believed to be involed in vigilance and attention and released by sympathetic autonomic neurons and the adrenal glands. |
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| The most widespread excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. |
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| Large group of neurotransmitters sometime referred to as neuromodulators because they appear to broadly influence the action of the other transmitters. |
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| Peripheral Nervous system |
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| The network of nerves that branches from the brain and the spinal cord to all parts of the body. |
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| Neurons in the central nervous system that connect other neurons. |
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| Neurons that transmit messages from sense organs to the central nervous system. |
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| Neurons that transmit messages from the central nervous system to organs and muscles. |
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| The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages from the sense organs to the central nervous system and fron the CNS to the skeletal muscles. |
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| Part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the actions of internal body organs, such as heartbeat. |
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| Sympathetic nervous systems |
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| Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body to respond to psychological or physical stress. |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous system |
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| Part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes bodily maintenance and energy conservation and storage under nonstressful conditions. |
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| Clusters of cell bodies of neurons outside the central nervous system. |
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