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| The branch of philosophy concerned with kinds of being or quesitons like, "what kind of beings are there ultimately?," "Does God exist?, "Do universals exist?" etc |
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| The metaphysical theory that there is ultimately only one kind of being |
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| The monistic view that the only kind of being is material being |
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| The monistic view that the only kind of being is a mental or spiritual being |
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| The metaphysical view that there are two and only tow kinds of being-- material and mental or spiritual being |
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| The metaphysical view that there are more than two kinds of being |
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| The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, limits, and kinds of knowledge |
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| The branch of philosophy concerned with the analysis and formal evaluation of argumentation |
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| A property of terms. A term that is distributed is one that is used to refer to all the things to which it can refer. |
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| Singularly referring term |
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| A word or expression used to refer ot one and only one thing. There are four kinds: proper names, definite, personal pronouns (I, she), demonstratives (this, that) |
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| The main dimension for the assessment of arguments. Validity is a function of form. A valid argument has a valid form. A valid form cannot be instantiated with the folowing result: the premises true and the conclusion false. |
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| If X is a necessary condition for Y, then if not X, then not Y |
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| If X is a sufficient condition for Y, then it is not possible for X to exist and Y not to exist, or if X then Y |
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| An argument composed of three and only three standard form catagorical propositions. It has three and only three terms each of which oc curs exactly twice. There are only four standard for categorical propositions. |
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| The metaphysical theory that all objects are conscious agents |
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| The attribution of human characteristics to non-humans-- Gods, nature, or animals. |
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| Belief in and worship of one God |
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| Belief in a God who is viewed as the creator of the universe, and who both transcends but is immanent in the universe |
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| The view that although God created the universe, he is not immanent in it. He is an "absentee landlord." |
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| The medeival theologian responsible for the ontological proof for God's existence |
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| Theological concept of God |
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| God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived. He is omnipotent, omniscient, and is all good. He is perfection |
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| The method of proving a claim by deducing a contradiction from its denial |
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| Ontological argument for God's existence |
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| This argument combines hte theological conception of God with the reductio method. If we deny God's existence, it follows that we are asserting that a perfect being or perfection itself lacks something, and since anything lacking nothing is greater than anything lacking even one thing, it follows that there could be something greater than God, bugt that is a contradiction. Therefore God must exist. |
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| The cosomological argument or the casual proof for God's existence |
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| There are at least two versions: the first cause version-- Everything has a cause, so the series of causes can only come to an end if ther eexists an uncaused cause, that first cause is God; sustaining cause version00- the universe continues to exist, so something must sustain its existence. That something is God |
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| The teleological argument or the argument from design for God's existence |
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| The universe is structured and purposeful, so it must have been created by a cognitive agency, and that agent is God |
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| There is evil in the world, therefore God cannot be all good and omnipotent (all powerful) |
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