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| - the study of humankind everywhere throughout time, produces knowledge about what makes people different from one another and what we all have in common. |
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is the study of customary patterns of human behavior, thought, and feelings.
It focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures |
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| focus on humans as biological organisms (tracing evolutionary development and looking at biological variations). |
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| - the study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data. |
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| Cultural Resource Management |
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| a branch of archaeology tied to government policies for the protection of cultural resources and involving surveying and/or excavating archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction or development. |
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| the study of human languages looking at their structure, history, and relation to social and cultural contexts |
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| A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior. |
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The smallest working units in the system of classification.
-Organisms that can reproduce and there offspring are fertile
- no meaningful or morphological differences |
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individuals in a population vary in most inherited characteristics
(example: they don’t all express these traits in the same way). |
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| some individuals have higher reproductive success than other because they possess advantageous expressions of certain traits |
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the introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another
- in humans social factors like mating, intergroup conflict and ability to travel great distances affect gene flow |
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–Effect of chance events on small populations
• BAD LUCK – natural disasters
–Small Population – Limited Variation
• “Founder Effect” - as with islands
–If trait not part of original founding group, then not part of pool |
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Causes:
Incomplete replication • Imperfect repair
*Creates Variation!
defn: chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation |
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"Principles of Geology"
Bestselling book^^
-“UNIFORMITARIANISM”
–Gradual Change –Same Processes as Now |
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Czech monk
-studied generations of pea plants -showed that inheritance was not
a statistical not random process
first generation all black, second gen 1 of 4 were white |
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Law of segregation: traits remain distinct not blended
Independent Assortment: traits are inherited independent of others
-Dominant vs Recessive |
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-Variation over space and time
- voyaged on "the beagle"
INDIVIDUALS DIFFER
• TRAITS INHERITED
• NATURAL SELECTION OPERATES ON VARIATION
–Those with favorable traits will preferentially survive
–Pass traits to offspring |
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Definition
"transformation evolution"
- Giraffe neck example to reach leaves
-Species changed over time
–Had capability to change during lifetime
–Changes during lifetime passed on to next generation |
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| The same processes that we observe today operated in the past. |
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Definition
-Humans are primates, lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys
-varied diet and dentition
-Large Brains
-grasping hands & feet (generally) - prehensile & opposable
-visual apparatus well developed – stereoscopic and often color vision |
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- a series of beneficial adjustments to the environment
- increased population in people who express advantageous form of certain traits |
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Primate:
means "tree swinging" |
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| having the ability to grasp |
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Definition
1. New World Monkeys
2. Old world Monkeys
3. Lesser Apes
4. Great Apes/Humans |
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Hominoids(3 divisions)
-whats different about them? |
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Definition
-Lesser Apes
-Greater Apes
- Humans
-No tails
• More complex behavior, brains, increased dependency of young |
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Definition
evolution above the species level
(i.e. the creation of new species) |
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| process of forming a new species |
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- Speciation through branching mechanism
-birth of more than one species from a common ancestor |
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- Speciation through the gradual accumulation of advantageous traits.
– Slow change of one species into another in place
– As Darwin envisioned it, slow and gradual |
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Term
Gradualism
vs
Puncuated Equilibrium
(refer to graphs in slides) |
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Definition
Gradualism: constant/consistant change over time
Puncuated Equilibrium: change relies on environment until it reaches its peak |
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Definition
| Tectonic shifts responsible for plant/ animal distributions, climatic shifts. |
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Term
| Oligocene 2 groups/ characteristics |
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Definition
1. Split of “old world” line that led to:
• monkeys • apes + humans
2. Parapithecids - NW monkey-like group
– small bodies (less than 1 kg), big eyes |
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Term
Miocene
(just key characteristics 5) |
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Definition
-Decreased global temperature
-Decreased rainfall
-Shift from forests to open savannas
-Woodland savannas established by 6 mya
- Period of evolution of human ancestral forms |
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Term
Miocene Fossil Gap
(from when to when?)
(When do they reappear?) |
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Definition
-very few fossils are known from 15 to 5 mya
-continues until fossils “re-appear” after 5 mya |
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Term
| 4 Sub fields of Anthropology |
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Definition
1. Cultural
2. Physical
3. Archaeology
4. Linguistics |
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Definition
| the genus including several species of early bipeds from East, South, and Central Africa living between about 1.1 and 4.3 mya, one of whom was directly ancestral to humans. |
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Definition
"Handy Man" first fossil member of the genus homo appearing 2.5mya
- larger brains and smaller faces then australopithecines |
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Definition
| 2mya to 300,000 BP, key characteristics: larger brain and body than H. habilis, stone tool use (archuelean technology), use of fire, found in Africa AND outside of Africa. |
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Definition
Benefits:
-See farther distances
-Ability to run/change direction
-Frees hands
-Ability to collect food and bring back to home base
Costs:
-Vulnerable to predators on savannah
(Pelvic canal changes)- infants born earlier, more helpless Loss of arboreal adaptation
Why?:
heat dispersion
food gathering/pair
bonding efficient scavenging |
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Definition
| in a food chain, the third animal group (second to scavenge) to obtain meat from a kill made by a predator. |
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| Laetoli (evidence of bipedalism) |
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Definition
| Fossilized footprints were preserved in volcanic ash at the 3.6 million-year-old Tanzanian site of Laetoli. |
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Definition
| proof that homo erectus used fire |
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| Multi-regoinal Hypothesis (Continuity) |
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Definition
modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from homo erectus to homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world.
* only one migration of homo erectus by 1.5mya |
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Replacement Hypothesis
(outside africa) |
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Definition
Homo sapians originated in africa around 200,000 years ago
-initial migration of Homo erectus + another migration after 200 000 BP (Homo sapiens)
* more than one migration led to homo sapians after 200,000bp
-By 35,000 years ago they had migrated and replaced all other pre-sapiens hominids around the world. |
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| Why would replacement occur? |
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Definition
1.new technology
2.new behaviors
3.all hominids should resemble africans
4.little evidemce continuity occured |
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Definition
-Climate similar to miocene, cool/drier
-Savannah grasslands in africa developed
-Volcanic Activity (fossil preservation!)
-Africa and the Middle East in modern position (forming the Great Rift Valley)
-India collides with Eurasia (Himalayas begin to form) |
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Definition
-Rapid cooling of north and south poles.
-Ice ages and interglacials common.
-Sea level fluctuation |
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Definition
-most significant site in early hominid archaeology
-has produced hominids fossils of both Homo & Australopithecus -composed of a number of site localities
-located in Tazania |
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Definition
found tons of stone tools, varying in which species of bones was used or not used depending on site location
• A - concentrations of stone tools with no animal bone
• B - concentrations of stone tools and bones of single animal
• C - concentrations of stone tools and bones from many different species of animals
• M - concentrations of animal bone with cut marks from stone tools BUT no actual tools |
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Term
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Definition
-cleaver
-hand axe (various types/forms)
defn: the tool-making tradition of homo erectus in Africa, Europe, and southwestern Asia in which hand-aces were developed from the earlier Oldowan chopper. |
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Mousterian Technology
(who used and when?) |
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Definition
-Flake tools
-Hand axes
the tool industry of the Neanderthals and their contemporaries of Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa from 40,000 to 125,000 years ago. |
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Term
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Definition
-existed in europe/southwest asia
-middle paleothic
-evolved from Homo erectus in cold climate
• new stone tool technology - MOUSTERIAN
• first evidence for symbolic behavior? - BURIALS |
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Term
| What is Upper Paleolithic |
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Definition
-Associated entirely with fully modern Homo sapiens
-last part of old stoneage, blade technology
Widespread, rapid technological and cultural developments throughout the Old World, including:
– fully developed/modern hunter-gatherer economies
– blade-based stone tool technology (some exceptions)
– complex and abundant bone tool technology
– substantial structures and burials
– prolific art (Europe) and florescence of symbolic culture |
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Definition
-efficient and stadardized
-a technique of stone tool manufacture in which long, parallel-sided flakes are struck off the edges of specially prepared core.
- used by modern homo sapians (weapons, needles, scrapers) many uses |
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Modern Homosapians
(5 traits) |
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Definition
1. Habitually bipedal
2. dentition and jaw muscles differ from other apes
3. much larger brains compared to body size
4. Slow development, long juvenile period
5. elaborate symbolism and language (vocalized speech) |
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Definition
| The New Stone Age; prehistoric period beginning about 10,000 years ago in which peoples possessed stone-based technologies and depended on domesticated plants and/or animals. |
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Definition
profound cultural change beginning about 10,000 years ago
-early domestication of plants and animals and settlement in permanent villages
-Sometimes referred to as the Neolithic transition. |
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Term
| 1. Domestication 2. domestication in depth |
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Definition
1. Relationship between humans and certain plants or animals 2.
-genetic or physical change in the domesticate compared to its natural or original state
-domesticator (in our case, humans) selects desirable properties in the domesticate, and allows only those ones with such properties to reproduce
-humans essentially take over the natural selection process (that is, the trajectory of evolution) of the domesticate |
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Definition
-(Upper Nile (Sudan) and Lower Tigris (Iraq))
-present evidence indicated that the earliest plant domestication took place gradually in the Fertile Crescent.
-Domistication of rye as early as 13,000 years ago. |
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Early Agriculture
Impacts (2)
for more look at notes* |
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Definition
1. Human health
2. Environment |
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| An organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods |
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| The basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, childrearing, and shelter are organized and carried out. |
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| In anthropology, a type of society marked by the presence of cities, social classes, and the state. |
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Definition
| the technique or science of working or heating metals so as to give them certain desired shapes or properties. |
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| where all members are not considered equal, divided into sex and age in most societies. |
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| a society where all members have about equal rank, access to, and power over basic resources that support survival, influence and prestige |
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| a society where not all members have access to power and resources. |
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Hunter Gatherers
(7 traits) |
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Definition
oAre mobile
oLive in small groups
oHave nuclear family as basic unit (household)
oEmploy a division of labor by gender
oShare food; have sanctions against hoarding
oAre egalitarian; only age and sex inequalities
oHave no formal political structure |
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Definition
| “Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers”- first known society |
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Definition
-A relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group
-inhabits a common territory that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically and economically independent. |
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| ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory. |
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| A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people. |
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State
WHAT 4 CHARACTERISTICS DEFINE A CIVILIZATION/STATE |
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Definition
-DEFN: In anthropology, a political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory.
LECTURE:
A. SCALE
! (typically) regional in scope, large polity ! urban center(s)
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B. POLITICAL CENTRALIZATION
! leadership offices ! monumental, non-residential constructions
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C. SPECIALIZATION
! full time specialized laborers ! specialized parts - bureaucratic administration
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D. INEQUALITY
! social stratification, inequality ! substantial differences in wealth |
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| The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes. |
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-The way power is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally distributed and embedded in society
-the means through which a society creates and maintains social order. |
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Definition
kinship- a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations.
-descent group- any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor. |
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