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| the scientific study of mind and behavior |
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| private inner experience, ever flowing stream of consciousness that is made of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings. |
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| observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals, things that we do in the world, by ourselves or with others. |
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| the philisophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn. (Plato) |
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| all knowledge is acquired through experience. "tabula rasa" (Aristotle) |
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| a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics ranging from memory to the capactiy for happiness are localized in specific regions of the brain (Franz Joseph Gall) |
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| how mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior |
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| argues that body and mind are fundamentally different things |
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| mind and body aren't different things at allj; rather, the mind is what the brain does. |
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| the study of biological processes, especially in the human body. physiologists developed methods that allowed them to measure such things as the speed of nerve impoulses and some of them begun to use these methods to measure mental abilities. |
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| developed a method for measuring the speed of nerve impulses in frogs leg using "stimulus" and measured "reaction time" |
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| sensory input from the environment |
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| the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus |
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| a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind. Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness |
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believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness.
structuralism.
introspection.
made an experiment pushing a button, some participants told to concentrate on perceiving tone before pressing button, whereas others were told to concentrate only on pressing button. |
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| the analysis of the basic elements that constitue the mind (wundt) |
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| the subjective observation of one's own experience (Wundt) |
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| the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment (James) |
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| Charles Darwin's theory that the featurs of an organis that help it sruvive andr eproduce ra emore likely than other feature to be paseed on to subsequent generations |
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| Mueller-Lyer Line Illusion |
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| Although they do not appear to be, these two horizontal lines are actually the same length. The Gestalt psychologists used illusions like this to show how the perception of a whole objet or scene can influence judgments about its individual elements |
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| The notion that all knowledge is acquired through experience was proposed by: |
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| Methods of measuring reaction time was first developed by: |
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| The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind is called: |
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| The study of how mental processes help people adapt to their environment is called |
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| errors of perception, memory or judgment in which subjective experience differes from objective reality |
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| shared insights about the perception of motion offered a scientific explanation of why we see movement when viewing a series of rapidly flashed still pictures, (movie making) |
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| a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of its parts (came from ideas of Max Wertheimer) |
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a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences
Jean-Marie Charcot
Pierre Janet |
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part of mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions
important to Freud. |
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Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes is shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
Study a persons early experiences to illuminate a person's unconscious anxieties, conflicts and desires |
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a therapeutic approach that focuses on bring unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders.
during analysis patients rcalled pas experiences and related their dreams and fantasies |
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an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Is the opposite of psycholanalytic theory
"flower children"
called people "clients" rather then "patients" |
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| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
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| introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the over pessimistic view of psychoanalysis. |
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| The approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of its parts is called: |
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| The temporary loss of cognitive or motor function, usually resulting from emotional upsetting experiences is called |
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| Which psychological theory emphasizes the importance of the unconscious in determining behavior? |
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| They psychological theory that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is know as: |
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the scientific study of objectively observable behavior
Proposed by John Watson
Watson belived that psychologists should focus on what people DO rather than what people EXPERIENCE |
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a student of Edward Titchener at Cornell, become the first woman to receive a PhD degree in psychology. Washburn went on to a highly distinguished career.
wrote "The Animal Mind"
developed a theory of consciousness and contributed to the development of psychology as a profession. |
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| an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus |
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which states that the consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur again
Skinner |
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investigated the wy an animal learns by interacting with its environment.
invented the "Skinner box" which rats learn to press a lever to receive food |
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| the approach that stresses the scientific study of objectively observable behavior iis know as: |
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| The person who studied by dogs salivate at the sight of the person who feeds them was |
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| The notion that the consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be likely to occur again was formulated by: |
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| studied and theorizeda bout the developing mental lives of children, a marked departure from the observations of external behavior dictated by the methods of the behaviorists |
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| Said that "a pinch on the cheek by a grandma might be good or bad depending on who is recievin the pinch" |
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The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
came about because of computers
Naom Chomsky |
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critiqued Skinner's theory of language signaled the end of behaviorism's dominance in psychology and helped spark the development of cognitive psychology
children can put together new sentences that they hav enever heard before (children use sentences that are gramatically incorrect) |
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an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes
Karl Lashley |
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| a fild that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity |
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explains mind and behavior in terms of adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
roots in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection |
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a subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interspersonal behavior
The presecnce of other people can influence performance on even the most mundane kinds of tasts (people reel in a fishing line faster when they know that others are watching)
Holocaust
civil rights |
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the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
Wilhelm Wundt
Margaret Mead an dGregory Bateson |
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| Margret Mead and Gregory Bateson |
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| traveled to far-flung regions of world and carefully observed child-rearing patterns, rituals, religious ceremonies in order to better understand cultural psychology |
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| holds that psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerabley across cultures and should be viewed only in the context of a specific culture |
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| The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory and reasoning is called: |
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| The explanation of mmind and behavior that focuses on the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selction is called |
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| The fieldthat studies causes and consequences of people interacting with each other is know as |
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| the field that studies how behaviors vary among people of different ethnicities, nationalities, religions, and so on, is known as: |
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the first woman elected APA president, suffered from sex discrimination.
became the first female president of the APA |
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studied the developmental effects of prejudice, discrimination, and segregation on children.
In one classic study from the 1950, he found that African American preschoolers preferred white dolls to black ones. Clark's research was decision for the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case that ended school segragation. |
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| largest subfield in psychology |
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| The largest organization of psychologists in the US is the: |
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| American Psychologist Association |
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| the beelief that accurate knowledge of the world requires ovsercation of it. |
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| tendency for people to cling to their assumptions |
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| a set of rules and techniques for observation that allow observers to avoid the illusions, mistakes, and erroneous conclusions that simple observation can produce |
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| three things make people especially difficult to study: |
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| complexity, variability, reactivity |
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| description of a property in measurable terms |
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| a device that can detect the events to which an operational definition refers |
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| are the two tasks that allow us to measure hysical properties and these same two tasks allow us to measure psychological properties as well |
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| a device that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person's skin |
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| muscle hat makes your mouth turn up when you smile |
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| the muscle that makes your eyes crinkle when you smile |
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| the characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate information from it. There are two kind of balitidy: contructive validity and predictive validity |
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| memory is not related to culture |
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| relativism is opposite of absolutism |
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| ex: the distance that a proton trevels is a good way to define length =, bt it's not a valid way to define happiness |
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| if an operational definition such as smiling is linked to a property such as happiness, then it should also be linked to other operational definitions of the same property, such as a person's likelihood of saying, "I sure am happy right now" |
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the tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing
power is the opposite |
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the tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things
opposite of reliability |
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| method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual |
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| the complete collection of objects or events that might be measured |
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| a partial collection of objects or events that is measured |
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| those aspects of a setting that cause people to behanve as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave |
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| a technique for gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments |
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| an observation whose true purpose is hidden from the researchers as well as from the participant |
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| The belief that accurate knowledge of the world requires obsercation of it is called |
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| set of rulesa and techniques for obsercation and necessary to aboid mistakes that simmple observation can produce is called |
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| a device that can detect the event to which an operational definition refers is called |
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| Professor Craig developed a new test that supposedly measured IQ. When many individuals were given this test on two separate occasions, their scored showed little consistency from the first testing to the second. Professor Craig's test apparently lacked |
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the value of one is systematically related to the value of the other.
correlation is short for co-relationship |
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| properties whose calues scan vary across individuals or over time |
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| third-variable correlation |
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| the fact that two variables may be correlated only because they are both caused by a third variable |
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| an observational technique that involves matching the average of the participants in the experimental and control groups in order to eliminate the posibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependedent variable |
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| an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control goup in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable. |
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| the fact that the casual relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of thir-variable correlation |
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| a technique for establishing the casual relationship between variables |
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| the variable that is manipulated in an experiment |
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| one of the two groups of participants created by the manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment: the experimental group is exposed to the stimulus being studied and the control group is not |
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| one of the two groups of participants created by the manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment that is not exposed to the stimulus being studied |
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| the variable that is measured in a study |
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| the characteriistic of an experiment that allows one to draw accurate inferences about the causal relationship between an independant and dependant variable |
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| a characteristic of an experiment in which the independent and dependent variables are operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way |
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a hypothetical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs, usually in the form of a statement about the causal relationship between two or more properties.
Theories lead to hypotheses |
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| a specific and testable prediction that is usually derived for a theory |
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| a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal change of being included in the sample |
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| Your friend tells you that she has just heard that there is a positive correlation between pizza consumption and children's intelligence. If this were in fact true, it would mean that: |
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| the more intelligent children are, the more pizza they eat |
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| Marle Rodriques divides her seventh-grade gifted class in half during study hour. Half watch a video encouraging volunteer activities, while the other half watch an MTV video. She then records how aggressively students behave at recess later that day. What is the independent variable in this study? |
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| Dr. Shondra Jones administers to female and male students at both northern universities and shouther universities a questionnaire that measures attitudes towards women's rights. The dependent variable in this study is |
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| attitudes toward women's rights |
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| The characteristic of an experiment that allows one to draw accurate inferences about the causal relasionship between an independent dependent variable is called |
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| articipants may not take part in a psychologicaly study unless they have given informed consent which is a written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation ma entail. This doesn't mean that the participant needs to know everything about the event.. legal guardians can give consent for minor or incapable people |
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| psychologists may not coerce participation. Coercion not only means physical and psychologial coercion but moneyary coercion as well. it is unethical to offer people large amounts of money to persuade them to do soehing that they might otherwise decline to do |
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| psychologists must take every possible precaution to protect their research participants from pysical or psychological harm |
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| participants may be asked to take small risks but not big ones. psychologist must represent that these risks are outweighed by social benefit |
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| a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study |
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| a written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail is known as |
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| cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform in formation-processing tasks |
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coordinates the information-processign tasks and keeps the cell alive
protein synthesis
energy production
metabolism |
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| recieve information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body |
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