Term
|
Definition
| Divides body on long access to front and back halves. Can also have cross section of a limb. |
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Term
| Transverse plane (cross section) |
|
Definition
| Divides to top and bottom half |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Towards nose when referring to head |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Towards body on extremity |
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Term
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Definition
| Away from body on extremity |
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Term
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Definition
| Back of forelimb distal to carpus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Back of hindlimb distal to tarsus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Front of fore/hind limb distal to carpus/tarsus |
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Term
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Definition
| Saggital plane creating bilateral symmetry |
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Term
|
Definition
Central nervous system
Cranial cavity - brain
Vertebral cavity - spinal chord |
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Term
|
Definition
Viscera of body
Thoracic - cranial to diaphragm- stomach, intestine, kidney, etc
Abdominal cavity - Caudal to diaphragm - stomach, intestines, kidney, etc
Pelvic cavity - ureters, reproductive organs, bladder, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protective sack immediately surrounding an organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Layer immediately within body wall |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Space between visceral layer of heart and pleura |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluid within pericardial space |
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Definition
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Term
| Parietal layer of thoracic cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| Space between visceral and pareital layers of thorasic cavity |
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Definition
| Pleural space - filled with fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Area between left and right lung containing connective tissue, esophagus, trachea, thymus, heart, nerves, blood vessels etc. |
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Term
| What is the benefit of having a complete mediastinum? |
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Definition
| Allows each side of the thorasic cavity to operate separately. Ex: if one lung collapses, other can function independently. |
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Term
| Do all animals have a complete mediastinum? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Ventral cavity caudal to the diaphragm |
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Term
| Parietal lining around whole abdominal cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| Reflection of the paritoneum |
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Definition
| Surrounds each organ to allow it to maintain location in abdominal cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reflection of the paritoneum surrounding stomach and attaching to another visceral organ. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reflection of paritoneum that surrounds intestine and attaches to dorsal abdominal wall. |
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|
Term
| Is water an organic or inorganic molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What percent of total body weight is made up of water? |
|
Definition
| 60-70% depending on body condition of animal |
|
|
Term
| What fraction of body water is in intracellular fluid? Extracellular? |
|
Definition
2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular |
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|
Term
| What type of bond do water molecules form with eachother? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of water molecules to stick together |
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|
Term
| What effect does the cohesion of water have in the body? |
|
Definition
| Allows blood to be transported through blood vessels because one water molecule is attracted to the next. |
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|
Term
| How does water moderate the effect of temperature changes? |
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Definition
| It takes more energy to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. It takes more energy to boil and freeze. |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 important characteristics of water? |
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Definition
| Cohesion, moderates temperature changes, extremely good solvent, forms H+ and OH- ions. |
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|
Term
| Why is it significant that water has a very high heat of vaporization? |
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Definition
| It takes a lot of energy to convert liquid water to vapor. In evaporative cooling - a lot of heat (energy) can be lost through perspiration as blood vessels at the body surface dilate and heat dissipates to sweat and is evaporated away. |
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|
Term
| Why is it significant that water is an extremely good solvent? |
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Definition
| Capable of dissolving a wide range of substances - most reactions in body take place between solutions. Can dissolve other polar molecules - sugars |
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Term
|
Definition
| More abundant substance in dissolved solution - does the dissolving ex: water |
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Term
|
Definition
| In lesser amount - substance that is dissolved in solvent ex: salt |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ions dissolved in water that result in a solution that will conduct electricity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Molecules that can dissolve in water |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-polar molecules that don't dissolve in water ex: fats, oils, etc |
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|
Term
| What effects can the ions H+ and OH- have? |
|
Definition
| Determines pH. If conc of H+ exceeds OH- = acidic. If conc of OH- exceeds H+ = basic. Pure water has equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions. |
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|
Term
| What is the body pH of animals? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maximum change in body pH that an animal can tolerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average and range for urine pH? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Organism containing cells without nuclei |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organism containing cells with nuclei in which DNA has combined with protein to form chromosomes - is surrounded by nuclear envelope. All animals are eukaryotes. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Every living organism is made up of one or more cells
2. The smallest living organisms are unicellular.
3. Cells are the basic functional units of larger, multicellular organisms.
4. All cells arise from preexisting cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability to perform basic cell functions. |
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|
Term
| Which has more surface area in proportion to size: a small or large cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average cell size in an animal? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it possible for a cell to have more than one nucleus? |
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Definition
| Yes - some larger cells need larger nuclei to control cell functions. |
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|
Term
| What is the largest cell type in the body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the nucleus do? |
|
Definition
1. Facilitates cell division.
2. Contains DNA, RNA and protein
3. Control center for all metabolic functions. |
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Term
| Is the nucleus membrane bound? |
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Definition
| Yes - allows for movement of molecules in and out. |
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Term
| What is the nucleolis? Where is it located? What function does it serve? |
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Definition
| The nucleolis is a non-membrane bound organelle found within the nucleus where ribosomes are produced. |
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Term
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| Is not studded with ribosomes. Site of lipid synthesis |
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|
Term
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| Studded with ribosomes - important in protein synthesis |
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|
Term
| Is endoplasmic reticulum a single, double, or non membrane bound organelle? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Center of endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are temporarily stored. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a ribosome? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the path that synthesized proteins take. |
|
Definition
1. Synthesized in ribosome.
2. Transported away from nucleus in cysterna.
3. Transport vesicles remove from cysterna and transport to Golgi apparatus.
4. Modified in Golgi apparatus then transported to final location by secretory vesicles. |
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Term
| Where are the two locations where ribosomes can exist in the cell? |
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Definition
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum and as free ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Site of carbohydrate manufacturing |
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Term
|
Definition
Movement of material out of cell
Performed by secretory vesicles |
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Term
| What is the difference between excretions and secretions? |
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Definition
| Excretions are waste products, secretions are usable products produced by the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement of material into the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Endocytosis of solid material |
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Term
|
Definition
| Liquid material into cell |
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|
Term
| Receptor mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| Movement of material into cell that can only be facilitated by receptors. |
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Term
|
Definition
Specialized vesicle formed by Golgi apparatus
Contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down nutrient molecules into useable units and digest intracellular debris. |
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Term
|
Definition
Like lysosmes but in organs that detoxify the body like the kidneys and liver.
Degrade harmful substances. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Function in cell division |
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Term
|
Definition
Not true organelles - can be membrane bound, large or small.
Ex: Fat/adepose
Collection of metabolic (secretory)products that remain in cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Power house" of cell - where most energy production within a cell occurs. |
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|
Term
| Describe the anatomy of a mitochondria organelle. |
|
Definition
Double membrane - inner membrane folded to increase surface area with enzymes for energy production.
Area within membrane filled with fluid called matrix. |
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|
Term
| What types of materials are broken down in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins |
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|
Term
| Describe the process of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
Oxygen gained from external respiration is used to extract energy from nutrients.
Carbon dioxide is given off as a waste product and exhaled through external respiration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine triphospate - energy molecule that runs all functions of body needing energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
Preferentially produced from glucose.
Gyoclysis (breakdown of glucose occurs), products enter citric acid/kreb's cycle and then electron transfer chain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscle contraction, membrane transport, protein synthesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
Newly identified organelle present in all cells.
Play role in nuclear pores
Extremely small. |
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|
Term
| What are the two major components of the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
Cytosol - semi-liquid gel material between nucleus and cell membrane
Cytoskeleton - skeletal structure holding organelles in place |
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|
Term
| What are the major components of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
| Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Combination of all skeletal structures in the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
Part of the cytoskeleton.
Facilitate the movement of organelles
Form centrioles
Form cilia and flagella
Made up of protein |
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Term
|
Definition
From the latin "eyelash"
Short and numerous
Move in unison in undulating fashion
in lining of respiratory path and opening of ovaducts |
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Term
|
Definition
From latin "whip"
Only one cell in mammals with single flagellum - sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in skeletal muscle - made of actin and miacin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Make up keratin in hair, nails and hooves |
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|
Term
| 3 major functions of cell membrane |
|
Definition
Separates intra/extramolecular fluid
Functions and acts in communication with other cells
Selectively permeable barrier |
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|
Term
| What is the cell membrane made of? |
|
Definition
| Phospholipids and proteins in a phospholipid bi-layer. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Triglyceride where one fatty acid has a phosphate group replacement making it hydrophilic |
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|
Term
| What aspect of a phospholipid is hydrophilic and what is hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
| Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and point towards center, trigylceride head is hydrophilic and points towards intra/extracellular fluid. |
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|
Term
| What is embedded in the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| Proteins - some are one one side or the other, some go all the way through. |
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|
Term
| What percent of the membrane is made up of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do some proteins in the cell membrane have attached to them and what does this allow them to do? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates
Cell adhesion molecules - allows cell to cell contact
Facilitate movement of molecules in/out of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Number of molecules/atoms dissolved in fluid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical difference between two regions in the concentration of molecules |
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|
Term
| In what direction do molecules typically move between cells/ through membranes? |
|
Definition
| From areas of high concentration to low concentration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Passive transport of molecules across a cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| What three factors determine how readily molecules move across a cell membrane? |
|
Definition
Molecular size - large diffuse slower than small
Lipid solubility - lipid soluble move quickly
Molecular charge - charged atoms do not move quickly |
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|
Term
| What will happen if a gradient occurs but the molecule in question cannot permeate the membrane? |
|
Definition
| Water will move across instead from low concentration to high. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Passive movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| What is the force that moves water across a membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecules other than water are free to passively move through a membrane? |
|
Definition
| Small, uncharged and non-polar molecules. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Equal concentration of molecules in and out of a cell |
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Term
|
Definition
Increased concentration of molecules outside a cell.
Water leaves cell and causes it to shrivel up. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When a cell shrivels up and is no longer able to move through blood vessels well |
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Term
|
Definition
Lower concentration of molecules outside cell
Water moves into cell to even out concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bursting of red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| How do ions move across a cell membrane? |
|
Definition
Passive transport
Move along electrical gradient to even out charge |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Passive transport
Movement of molecules that cannot diffuse without assistance
Certain carrier proteins will only accept certain molecules
For molecules too large to diffuse on their own. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not passive - requires energy
Move uphill against concentration gradient
Uses transmembrane proteins |
|
|
Term
| Is endo/exocytosis passive or active transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uneven distribution of ions on either side of a cell membrane
Causes one side to be positive and one to be negative
Creates potential to do work. |
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|
Term
| Connective tissue functions |
|
Definition
1. Form metabolic and structural connections between tissues
2. Protective sheath around organs
3. Stores fat
4. Bone- provides structural frame for body
5. Blood - transports substances throughout body
6. White blood cells - Healing process and control invading microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| Components of connective tissue (2) |
|
Definition
| Extracellular matrix and ground substance |
|
|
Term
| Where is the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissues made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of extracellular fibers in connective tissue? |
|
Definition
Collagenous fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tendons and ligaments
Made of collagen
Gives strength to connective tissue
Arranged in long, parallel rows
White |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surrounds and supports highly cellular organs and blood vessels/nerves
Made of thin, delicate branched network of collagen proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vocal chords, lungs, skin
Made of elastic protein
Yellow
Not as strong as collagen
Acts as rubber band, stretches and returns to shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Liquid, gel, or solid
Acts as shock absorber, protects cells, medium of transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Manufacture and excrete ground substance
Each type of connective tissue has own fixed cell type
Transient - come and go as needed
INvolved in repair and protection of tissues
Leukocytes, mast cells macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibroblasts (type of cell that all other fixed types are from), chondroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, reticular cells |
|
|
Term
| 2 connective tissue categories |
|
Definition
| Connective tissue proper and Specialized connective tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Binds other tissues together, provides framework for organs
Types: Loose and Dense |
|
|
Term
| Loose connective tissue types |
|
Definition
| Areolar, Adipose, reticular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common type of connective tissue
Scattered network of fibroblasts, loose network of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers
Holds tissues together, supports internal organs and envelopes blood vessels and nerves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fat - Stores excess nutrients, acts as shock absorber, insulates
White - adipocytes - very little intercellular material other than fat
Brown - in neonates and hibernating animals. Thermoregualation - lots of mitochondria - produce heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in organs that are highly cellular - spleen, lymph nodes, liver
Forms stroma - framework of organs |
|
|
Term
| Dense connective tissue types |
|
Definition
| Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parallel rows of collagenous fibers
white/silver
few blood vessels - slow to heal
tendons, ligaments, and fascia (connects muscles to bones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Irregularly aligned cells
Dermis covering organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elastic fibers - most flexible
In intervertebral disks and certain ligaments
Yellow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of elastic ligament found in browsing animals from back of head down neck to withers
allows to graze effectively without using muscles as much |
|
|
Term
| Specialized Connective Tissue |
|
Definition
Can either be liquid or soid
Cartilage, bone and blood only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lines joints of body, pinnae, larynx, tracheal rings, embryonic skeleton
Made up of chondrocytes - found in lacuna
Matrix: elastic and collagen fibers
Hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common
Ends of long bonds at articulation (joint)
Connects ribs to sternum
Tracheal rings and embryonic skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
More stretchy because of elastic fibers
Pinnae, epiglottis, tip of nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lots of collagen fibers
Meniscal, intervertebral disks, pubic synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most rigid tissue in body
Made up of osteocytes - in lacunae
Secrete own matrix with lots of calcium to form regidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Matrix of blood - plasma
Red blood cells - erythrocytes
White blood cells
Collagen and elastic fibers loosely arranged within vessels, come together to form clots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Composed of actin and myosin
Called muscle cells, fibers or myocytes
Function: to contract
3 types: Skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Striated muscle
Long cylindrical cells running entire length of muscle
Mutlinucleate cells
Voluntary muscle
contracts rapidly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lines hollow, contracting organs - esophagus, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, ureters, blood vessels
Cells taper at both ends
Not regularly arranged
No striations
Involuntary control, uninucleate
Slower contraction rate than skeletal muscle
Reponsible for peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only in hart
Striated, uninucleate,cells branching shape
Cells connected by intercalated disks - specialized junctions allowing impulses to be transmitted
Involuntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Neuron and neuroglial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Specialized to send electrical impulses
Unable to divide
can be longest cells in body
3 parts: Perikaryon - cell body
dendrites - multiple short extensions to receive impulses
Axons - long, singular extensoin to send impulses
Axons synapse with other cells to make functions happen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Support and protect neurons
Can divide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Line other tissues of body
Single or multiple layers thick
Avascular - lack blood supply - rely on underlying connective tissue for nutrients
Innervated - have nerve supply |
|
|
Term
| Function of epithelial tissue: |
|
Definition
Absorb, secrete and excrete biochemical substances
Play role in sensory reception - sensory nerve endings in epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apical surface - faces lumen or outside of organ
Basal surface - Faces underlying connective tissue, basal lamina, or blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basement membrane - non-cellular structure made of protein fibers attaching basal surface of epithelial cells ot underlying connective tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In tubular/round organs - interior |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cell junction types |
|
Definition
| Tight, gap and desmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein complexes join plasma membranes together
very secure seal
in tissues that should not leak - urinary bladder, digestive tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tubular channel proteins between two cell membranes
Allow exchange and passage of ions, nutrients, nerve impulses, water
Found in tissues contracting and moving in unison - heart and smooth muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Square protein with filaments into nearby cells
Tissues that undergo repeated episodes of tension and stretching
Attach basal surface to basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial surface specialization |
|
Definition
Smooth
Microvilli (brush border)-smaller than cilia, projections of membrane surface. In small intestines, lining of kidney. for absorption of materials - increases surface area.
Cilia
Keratin |
|
|
Term
| Classification of epithelial tissue |
|
Definition
Number of layers: simple or stratified
Shape of cells: Squamous (flattened), Cuboidal (square), Columnar (rectangular) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of structure of body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of function of body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can only see with microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looking at blood under microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looking at tissue under microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Keeps all body systems balanced
Concentration of: nutrients, O2, CO2, waste products, water, salts, other electrolytes, Temperature reg, blood pH, white blood cell count, volume, pressure |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of living things |
|
Definition
Acquire and use materials and energy
Maintain homeostasis
Grow (in size or cell replacement)
Respond to stimuli
Reproduce (for pop health)
Evolve (for species health) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical/Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organs
Organ systems
Organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obtain nutrients and O2 for Energy
Perform chem reactions - simple units to energy
Synth proteins and cell components
Respond to stimuli
Control exchange of materials
Move materials
Reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscle
Nervous
Connective
Epithelial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interstatial (tissue) fluid + Plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal functioning of body during disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organs that stretch and hold form
When empty - round/cuboidal
When full - squamosal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Derivatives of epithelial tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excrete products to ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excrete hormones into circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excrete products through exocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Store secretions in vesicles in top part of cell then release top section |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Build up secretion in cells then release entire cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucosae - line all cavities that open to outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unicellular exocrine gland
Excrete mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epithelial linings in body cavities
Secrete watery secretions
Parietal and visceral layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Line articulations of long bonds
Acts as joint lubricant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skin and related structures
Functions: Thermoregulation, Sensory perception, synthesis of vit D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Related structures to skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upper most layer of skin
Lacks blood vessels and direct nerve supplies
Derives all nutrients from dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epidermal cell that produces keratin - waterproofs skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epidermal cells - Produce melanin pigment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune cell in epidermis to phagocytize bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epidermal immune cell involved in allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basal layer of epidermis
Deepest layer
Single layer of living keratocytes
Undergo mitosis - older cells move superficially
Find merkel cells, melanocytes, and keratocytes |
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Definition
Superficial to stratum basale
Several layers of keratocytes
finder langerhans cells |
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Definition
Granular layer
superficial to stratum spinosum
Cells filled with keratin that exudes into surrounding tissue
First layer to have waterproofing function |
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Definition
Clear layer
Only found in very thick skinned areas
Foot pads, nose pads, sometimes elbows, knees |
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Definition
Filled with keratin
20-30 layers of dead epithelial cells |
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Term
| In fully furred animals, what epidermis layers are present? |
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Definition
| Stratum corneum, stratum spinosum stratum basale |
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Term
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Definition
| Knoblike elevations where whiskers and other tactile hairs arise |
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Definition
Corium
Deep to epidermis
Dense irregular connective tissue - collagen, elastic, reticular fibers
Find hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels, and lymphatics
Has Fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrphages |
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Definition
Layer of epidermis
Dermap papillae - surface like egg carton - cements dermis and epidermis together
Find blood vessels, pain and touch receptors |
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Definition
| Indistinct boundary with papillary layer |
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Definition
Deep to dermis
Connects skin to underlying tissue
Composed of loose areolar tissues |
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