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Ex Phys Endocrine 2
Ex Phys Endocrine 2
80
Physiology
Graduate
09/23/2014

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Term
What does Growth Hormone do?
Definition
Stimulates protein synthesis and growth; increases gluconeogenesis at the liver; blocks glucose entry to adipose cell to favor fat mobilization; elevates FFAs; Stimulates liver to create insulin like growth factors; tells the hypothalamus to stop sending growth hormone releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary
Term
What is the physiologic pathway of growth hormone?
Definition
1. Exercise, sleep, stress, and low plasma glucose stimulate the hypothalamus; 2. Hypothalamus sends Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone to the Anterior Pituitary; 3. the Anterior Pituitary releases Growth Hormone; 4. Growth Hormone goes to the liver and throughout the body where it acts
Term
what is the growth hormone effect on protein?
Definition
growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis and growth
Term
what is the growth hormone effect on the liver?
Definition
increase gluconeogenesis in the liver; stimulates liver to create Insulin-like Growth Factors
Term
what is the growth hormone effect on blood glucose and adipocytes?
Definition
blocks glucose entry to adipose cell to favor fat metabolism
Term
what is the effect of Growth Hormone on the hypothalamus?
Definition
Growth hormone tells the hypothalamus to stop sending growth hormone releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary
Term
What is the response of growth hormone to a progressive graded exercise bout to maximal intensity?
Definition
Begin with low levels of resting GH. GH begins to increase at about 20% VO2 max. GH increases quickly so that by the end of the maximal exercise, it could be 2,000-2,500 times higher than resting levels
Term
What is the response of growth hormone to steady state, submaximal exercise
Definition
curved, linear increase that is greater initially and then levels off
Term
how does the response of growth hormone to steady state, submaximal exercise compare in trained and untrained people in steady state, submaximal exercise
Definition
there is less increase in growth hormone in a trained person during submaximal exercise because the trained person has adapted. HOWEVER, even with training you still get an increase in growth hormone
Term
what determines the amount of growth hormone increase during exercise?
Definition
the amount of increase is proportional to exercise intensity
Term
what is the effect of exercise training on basal rates of growth hormone?
Definition
no change: they're already so low they can't get lower
Term
how does growth hormone respond in submaximal exercise in trained compared to untrained people
Definition
lower increase in trained person
Term
how does growth hormone respond in maximal exercise in trained compared to untrained people
Definition
higher increase in growth hormone in trained person with maximal exercise
Term
what powerful metabolic hormone has similar effects to growth hormone
Definition
cortisol
Term
what does cortisol do?
Definition
promotes gluconeogenesis, blocks entry of glucose into cells, mobilizes free fatty acids
Term
what is the physiologic pathway of cortisol?
Definition
1. Exercise, stress, burn, bone break stimulate the higher brain centers; 2. the higher brain centers stimulate the hypothalamus; 3. the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone; 4. corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary gland; 5. anterior pituitary gland produces adrenocorticotropic hormone; 6. adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex; 7. adrenal cortex produces cortisol
Term
what are the main results of the effects of cortisol?
Definition
increased FFA and glucose in the blood
Term
what is the effect of cortisol on the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?
Definition
cortisol goes to the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus to reduce creation of cortisol
Term
how do cortisol levels change at the beginning of a progressively graded exercise bout?
Definition
when you first begin to exercise at a low intensity, you see an initial drop in cortisol
Term
why is there an initial reduction in cortisol during exercise?
Definition
the stimulus to produce cortisol is slow to respond, but the target tissue uptake of cortisol is fast. The metabolic clearance is faster than its secretion during the beginning of exercise.
Term
as you move to higher intensities of exercise during a progressively graded maximal exercise bout, how do your cortisol levels change?
Definition
as you move to higher intensities of exercise, the cortisol levels increase progressively until they go very high at maximal intensity
Term
when is cortisol's peak level?
Definition
after the exercise session
Term
what is the response of cortisol to a submaximal exercise bout
Definition
cortisol increases in a curvilinear fashion that plateaus eventually depending on intensity of exercise
Term
what might happen to cortisol levels if you exercise for more than an hour
Definition
you could get another increase in cortisol
Term
What is the result of exercise training on basal cortisol levels
Definition
inconsistent: sometimes doesn't change, sometimes increases, sometimes decreases
Term
what is the most likely response to basal cortisol levels with exercise training?
Definition
decrease
Term
why is it difficult to control cortisol studies?
Definition
cortisol changes with circadian hormone that changes throughout the course of the day
Term
what are the effects of training on submaximal exercise cortisol levels
Definition
lower concentrations of cortisol than in untrained people
Term
what are the effects of training on maximal exercise cortisol levels
Definition
higher concentrations of cortisol than in untrained people at maximal effort
Term
what stimulates the hypothalamus to release corticotropin releasing hormone?
Definition
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Term
what else does the sympathetic division do?
Definition
stimulates adrenal medulla to release E and NE
Term
which are released faster: catecholamines or cortisol?
Definition
catecholamines
Term
what hormones increase as the intensity of exercise increases during a single exercise bout?
Definition
epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon
Term
what hormone decreases as exercise intensity increases in a single exercise bout?
Definition
insulin
Term
influencing glomerular filtration and urine filtration is a way to influence what?
Definition
water in the body
Term
what is the unit in the kidney that filters the blood and removes fluid?
Definition
nephron
Term
what is glomerular filtrate
Definition
fluid removed in the filtration process in the nephron
Term
what is reabsorption
Definition
pulling things out of glomerular filtrate to go back into the blood
Term
what is secretion
Definition
moving things out of the blood into the glomerular filtrate
Term
what is the remaining fluid after filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?
Definition
urine
Term
how much fluid do your kidneys filter each day?
Definition
about 100 L
Term
how much of the fluid that you filter is reabsorbed?
Definition
99L
Term
How can I alter the amount of fluid in the blood?
Definition
ingestion of fluid; altering process of filtering fluid in kidney
Term
what is the ultimate goal of the renin-angiotensin pathway?
Definition
water conservation
Term
what initiates the renin angiotensin pathway?
Definition
dehydration, sodium deficiency, or hemorrhaging that results in decrease in blood volume and therefore decrease in blood pressure
Term
what is the renin-angiotensin pathway?
Definition
1. decrease in blood volume; 2. decrease in blood pressure; 3. low blood pressure is sensed in kidneys by juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arterioles leading into the nephron; 4. juxtaglomerular cells release renin; 5. renin circulates in the blood and reacts with protein angiotensinogen from liver; 5. renin + angiotensinogen results in angiotensinogen becoming angiotensin 1; 6 angiotensin 1 reacts with angiotensin converting enzyme, becoming angiotensin 2; 7. angiotensin 2 stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone; 8. aldosterone causes reabsorption of water out of glomerular filtrate; 9. with more fluid pulled into blood from glomerular filtrate there is increased blood volume; 10. blood pressure increases due to increased volume AND doe to angiotensin 2's vasoconstriction of arterioles; 11. the increased blood pressure inhibit the signaling that started this pathway
Term
what is osmolality?
Definition
how we measure how many particles are dissolved in the blood
Term
if you decrease the fluid component of the blood, how is osmolality affected?
Definition
osmolality is elevated
Term
what are some other names for antidiuretic hormone?
Definition
arginine vasopressin, vasopressin, ADH
Term
how is ADH stimulated?
Definition
elevated blood osmolality from dehydration causes ADH to be released from the posterior part of the pituitary gland
Term
what does ADH do?
Definition
ADH causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to decrease blood flow to the nephron and therefore decrease the process of forming filtrate and decrease the process of forming urine
Term
how do levels of aldosterone, renin, angiotensin 2, and antidiuretic hormone change during a progressive-graded maximal exercise test?
Definition
these water conserving hormones increase with increasing exercise intensity
Term
which of the water conserving hormones increases the most with increasing exercise intensity?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
what do Aldosterone and ADH levels look like during a submaximal steady state exercise bout?
Definition
they increase gradually proportional to intensity with a slight plateau
Term
why do you need aldosterone and ADH during exercise?
Definition
you're always losing fluid from the blood during exercise, causing a decreased blood volume and a decreased blood pressure
Term
what are the exercise training effects on the basal levels of ADH and aldosterone?
Definition
no change because resting levels are already low
Term
what are the exercise training effects on the levels of ADH and aldosterone during submaximal exercise?
Definition
ADH and aldosterone still increase but not by as much as in an untrained person
Term
what are the exercise training effects on the levels of ADH and aldosterone during maximal exercise?
Definition
increased ADH and aldosterone at max exercise because the workload is higher so more ADH and aldosterone is needed to facilitate the increased work
Term
what type of cell releases leptin?
Definition
adipocytes
Term
what does leptin do
Definition
send a signal to the hypothalamus to say that the fat cells are full of energy and it's time to stop eating
Term
what types of substances are released by adipocytes
Definition
cytokines, adipokines, adipocytokines, enzymes, endocrine substances, paracrine substances, autocrine substances
Term
is fat an active tissue?
Definition
yes
Term
what are cytokines
Definition
chemical signaling agents associated with immune system and inflammation
Term
how are cytokine levels changed during infection?
Definition
during infection, there is an upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines to control the infection.
Term
what helps to modulate the effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokines?
Definition
anti-inflammatory hormones
Term
what can upregulate the expression of anti-inflammatory hormones?
Definition
exercise
Term
what are the negative effects of increasing adiposity
Definition
you will start to release from the adipocytes many inflammatory substances. With these inflammatory substances, you get a cascade of negative health effects: insulin sensitivity decreases, glucose uptake becomes compromised, fatty acid oxidation becomes compromized, blood pressure regulators are altered
Term
if you have a chornic relase of pro-inflammatory substances from too many adipocytes, what will happen
Definition
you will go into metabolic syndrome
Term
what is metabolic syndrome
Definition
high levels of insulin resistance, high blood pressure, lots of atherosclerotic fatty deposits on blood vessels
Term
what is th enedocrine response to obesity?
Definition
hyperarousal levels of stress hormones in response to constant release of pro=inflammatory cytokines
Term
what happens if you are obese and stressed out
Definition
you have even more response of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Term
how do glucocorticoids respond to chronic stress
Definition
they remain chronically high, even at rest
Term
what is associated with elevations of glucocorticoids?
Definition
increased abdominal fat; increased poor food selections; increased SNS responsiveness at basal levels and in response to stress
Term
what are the effects of chronic stress and obesity on leptin?
Definition
leads to increased basal levels of leptin, which can result in leptin resistance, which results in greater obesity because the signaling between the fat cell and the hypothalamus is disrubted
Term
what are other substances that the adipocytes release when you have chronic realease of leptin?
Definition
tumor necrosis factor alpha, interluekin 6
Term
why are tumor necrosis factor alpha and interluekin 6 bad?
Definition
they facilitate obesity, increase glucocorticoid release, increase insulin resistance
Term
how does exercise affect an obese person
Definition
decreaes inflammation, reduces insulin resistance, improves blood lipid profiles, reduces blood pressure, decreaes adiposity, improes energy production and performance
Term
what is the positive cycle of exercise training?
Definition
1. exercise training; 2. accommodation; 3. adaptation with decreased stress hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines; 4. improved performance; 5. improved health benefits and energy expenditure; 6. improved exercise training!
Term
Which responds faster, ADH or aldosterone?
Definition
ADH
Term
Which is more powerful, ADH or aldosterone?
Definition
aldosterone
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