Term
| What does Growth Hormone do? |
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Definition
| Stimulates protein synthesis and growth; increases gluconeogenesis at the liver; blocks glucose entry to adipose cell to favor fat mobilization; elevates FFAs; Stimulates liver to create insulin like growth factors; tells the hypothalamus to stop sending growth hormone releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary |
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Term
| What is the physiologic pathway of growth hormone? |
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Definition
| 1. Exercise, sleep, stress, and low plasma glucose stimulate the hypothalamus; 2. Hypothalamus sends Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone to the Anterior Pituitary; 3. the Anterior Pituitary releases Growth Hormone; 4. Growth Hormone goes to the liver and throughout the body where it acts |
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Term
| what is the growth hormone effect on protein? |
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Definition
| growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis and growth |
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Term
| what is the growth hormone effect on the liver? |
|
Definition
| increase gluconeogenesis in the liver; stimulates liver to create Insulin-like Growth Factors |
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Term
| what is the growth hormone effect on blood glucose and adipocytes? |
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Definition
| blocks glucose entry to adipose cell to favor fat metabolism |
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Term
| what is the effect of Growth Hormone on the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Growth hormone tells the hypothalamus to stop sending growth hormone releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary |
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Term
| What is the response of growth hormone to a progressive graded exercise bout to maximal intensity? |
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Definition
| Begin with low levels of resting GH. GH begins to increase at about 20% VO2 max. GH increases quickly so that by the end of the maximal exercise, it could be 2,000-2,500 times higher than resting levels |
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Term
| What is the response of growth hormone to steady state, submaximal exercise |
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Definition
| curved, linear increase that is greater initially and then levels off |
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Term
| how does the response of growth hormone to steady state, submaximal exercise compare in trained and untrained people in steady state, submaximal exercise |
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Definition
| there is less increase in growth hormone in a trained person during submaximal exercise because the trained person has adapted. HOWEVER, even with training you still get an increase in growth hormone |
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|
Term
| what determines the amount of growth hormone increase during exercise? |
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Definition
| the amount of increase is proportional to exercise intensity |
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|
Term
| what is the effect of exercise training on basal rates of growth hormone? |
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Definition
| no change: they're already so low they can't get lower |
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Term
| how does growth hormone respond in submaximal exercise in trained compared to untrained people |
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Definition
| lower increase in trained person |
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Term
| how does growth hormone respond in maximal exercise in trained compared to untrained people |
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Definition
| higher increase in growth hormone in trained person with maximal exercise |
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Term
| what powerful metabolic hormone has similar effects to growth hormone |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| promotes gluconeogenesis, blocks entry of glucose into cells, mobilizes free fatty acids |
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Term
| what is the physiologic pathway of cortisol? |
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Definition
| 1. Exercise, stress, burn, bone break stimulate the higher brain centers; 2. the higher brain centers stimulate the hypothalamus; 3. the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone; 4. corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary gland; 5. anterior pituitary gland produces adrenocorticotropic hormone; 6. adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex; 7. adrenal cortex produces cortisol |
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Term
| what are the main results of the effects of cortisol? |
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Definition
| increased FFA and glucose in the blood |
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|
Term
| what is the effect of cortisol on the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| cortisol goes to the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus to reduce creation of cortisol |
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|
Term
| how do cortisol levels change at the beginning of a progressively graded exercise bout? |
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Definition
| when you first begin to exercise at a low intensity, you see an initial drop in cortisol |
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|
Term
| why is there an initial reduction in cortisol during exercise? |
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Definition
| the stimulus to produce cortisol is slow to respond, but the target tissue uptake of cortisol is fast. The metabolic clearance is faster than its secretion during the beginning of exercise. |
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Term
| as you move to higher intensities of exercise during a progressively graded maximal exercise bout, how do your cortisol levels change? |
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Definition
| as you move to higher intensities of exercise, the cortisol levels increase progressively until they go very high at maximal intensity |
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|
Term
| when is cortisol's peak level? |
|
Definition
| after the exercise session |
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|
Term
| what is the response of cortisol to a submaximal exercise bout |
|
Definition
| cortisol increases in a curvilinear fashion that plateaus eventually depending on intensity of exercise |
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Term
| what might happen to cortisol levels if you exercise for more than an hour |
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Definition
| you could get another increase in cortisol |
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|
Term
| What is the result of exercise training on basal cortisol levels |
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Definition
| inconsistent: sometimes doesn't change, sometimes increases, sometimes decreases |
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|
Term
| what is the most likely response to basal cortisol levels with exercise training? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why is it difficult to control cortisol studies? |
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Definition
| cortisol changes with circadian hormone that changes throughout the course of the day |
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|
Term
| what are the effects of training on submaximal exercise cortisol levels |
|
Definition
| lower concentrations of cortisol than in untrained people |
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|
Term
| what are the effects of training on maximal exercise cortisol levels |
|
Definition
| higher concentrations of cortisol than in untrained people at maximal effort |
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|
Term
| what stimulates the hypothalamus to release corticotropin releasing hormone? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
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|
Term
| what else does the sympathetic division do? |
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Definition
| stimulates adrenal medulla to release E and NE |
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|
Term
| which are released faster: catecholamines or cortisol? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormones increase as the intensity of exercise increases during a single exercise bout? |
|
Definition
| epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon |
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|
Term
| what hormone decreases as exercise intensity increases in a single exercise bout? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| influencing glomerular filtration and urine filtration is a way to influence what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the unit in the kidney that filters the blood and removes fluid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is glomerular filtrate |
|
Definition
| fluid removed in the filtration process in the nephron |
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Term
|
Definition
| pulling things out of glomerular filtrate to go back into the blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| moving things out of the blood into the glomerular filtrate |
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|
Term
| what is the remaining fluid after filtration, reabsorption, and secretion? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how much fluid do your kidneys filter each day? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how much of the fluid that you filter is reabsorbed? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How can I alter the amount of fluid in the blood? |
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Definition
| ingestion of fluid; altering process of filtering fluid in kidney |
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Term
| what is the ultimate goal of the renin-angiotensin pathway? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what initiates the renin angiotensin pathway? |
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Definition
| dehydration, sodium deficiency, or hemorrhaging that results in decrease in blood volume and therefore decrease in blood pressure |
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|
Term
| what is the renin-angiotensin pathway? |
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Definition
| 1. decrease in blood volume; 2. decrease in blood pressure; 3. low blood pressure is sensed in kidneys by juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arterioles leading into the nephron; 4. juxtaglomerular cells release renin; 5. renin circulates in the blood and reacts with protein angiotensinogen from liver; 5. renin + angiotensinogen results in angiotensinogen becoming angiotensin 1; 6 angiotensin 1 reacts with angiotensin converting enzyme, becoming angiotensin 2; 7. angiotensin 2 stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone; 8. aldosterone causes reabsorption of water out of glomerular filtrate; 9. with more fluid pulled into blood from glomerular filtrate there is increased blood volume; 10. blood pressure increases due to increased volume AND doe to angiotensin 2's vasoconstriction of arterioles; 11. the increased blood pressure inhibit the signaling that started this pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
| how we measure how many particles are dissolved in the blood |
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|
Term
| if you decrease the fluid component of the blood, how is osmolality affected? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some other names for antidiuretic hormone? |
|
Definition
| arginine vasopressin, vasopressin, ADH |
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Term
|
Definition
| elevated blood osmolality from dehydration causes ADH to be released from the posterior part of the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| ADH causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to decrease blood flow to the nephron and therefore decrease the process of forming filtrate and decrease the process of forming urine |
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|
Term
| how do levels of aldosterone, renin, angiotensin 2, and antidiuretic hormone change during a progressive-graded maximal exercise test? |
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Definition
| these water conserving hormones increase with increasing exercise intensity |
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|
Term
| which of the water conserving hormones increases the most with increasing exercise intensity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do Aldosterone and ADH levels look like during a submaximal steady state exercise bout? |
|
Definition
| they increase gradually proportional to intensity with a slight plateau |
|
|
Term
| why do you need aldosterone and ADH during exercise? |
|
Definition
| you're always losing fluid from the blood during exercise, causing a decreased blood volume and a decreased blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| what are the exercise training effects on the basal levels of ADH and aldosterone? |
|
Definition
| no change because resting levels are already low |
|
|
Term
| what are the exercise training effects on the levels of ADH and aldosterone during submaximal exercise? |
|
Definition
| ADH and aldosterone still increase but not by as much as in an untrained person |
|
|
Term
| what are the exercise training effects on the levels of ADH and aldosterone during maximal exercise? |
|
Definition
| increased ADH and aldosterone at max exercise because the workload is higher so more ADH and aldosterone is needed to facilitate the increased work |
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|
Term
| what type of cell releases leptin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| send a signal to the hypothalamus to say that the fat cells are full of energy and it's time to stop eating |
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|
Term
| what types of substances are released by adipocytes |
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Definition
| cytokines, adipokines, adipocytokines, enzymes, endocrine substances, paracrine substances, autocrine substances |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical signaling agents associated with immune system and inflammation |
|
|
Term
| how are cytokine levels changed during infection? |
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Definition
| during infection, there is an upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines to control the infection. |
|
|
Term
| what helps to modulate the effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokines? |
|
Definition
| anti-inflammatory hormones |
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|
Term
| what can upregulate the expression of anti-inflammatory hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the negative effects of increasing adiposity |
|
Definition
| you will start to release from the adipocytes many inflammatory substances. With these inflammatory substances, you get a cascade of negative health effects: insulin sensitivity decreases, glucose uptake becomes compromised, fatty acid oxidation becomes compromized, blood pressure regulators are altered |
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|
Term
| if you have a chornic relase of pro-inflammatory substances from too many adipocytes, what will happen |
|
Definition
| you will go into metabolic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what is metabolic syndrome |
|
Definition
| high levels of insulin resistance, high blood pressure, lots of atherosclerotic fatty deposits on blood vessels |
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|
Term
| what is th enedocrine response to obesity? |
|
Definition
| hyperarousal levels of stress hormones in response to constant release of pro=inflammatory cytokines |
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|
Term
| what happens if you are obese and stressed out |
|
Definition
| you have even more response of pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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|
Term
| how do glucocorticoids respond to chronic stress |
|
Definition
| they remain chronically high, even at rest |
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|
Term
| what is associated with elevations of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| increased abdominal fat; increased poor food selections; increased SNS responsiveness at basal levels and in response to stress |
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|
Term
| what are the effects of chronic stress and obesity on leptin? |
|
Definition
| leads to increased basal levels of leptin, which can result in leptin resistance, which results in greater obesity because the signaling between the fat cell and the hypothalamus is disrubted |
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|
Term
| what are other substances that the adipocytes release when you have chronic realease of leptin? |
|
Definition
| tumor necrosis factor alpha, interluekin 6 |
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|
Term
| why are tumor necrosis factor alpha and interluekin 6 bad? |
|
Definition
| they facilitate obesity, increase glucocorticoid release, increase insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
| how does exercise affect an obese person |
|
Definition
| decreaes inflammation, reduces insulin resistance, improves blood lipid profiles, reduces blood pressure, decreaes adiposity, improes energy production and performance |
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|
Term
| what is the positive cycle of exercise training? |
|
Definition
| 1. exercise training; 2. accommodation; 3. adaptation with decreased stress hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines; 4. improved performance; 5. improved health benefits and energy expenditure; 6. improved exercise training! |
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|
Term
| Which responds faster, ADH or aldosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is more powerful, ADH or aldosterone? |
|
Definition
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