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| English naturalist, geologist who established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors. |
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| British naturalist, explorer, geographer, and biologist best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection. |
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| Survey barque on which young naturalist Charles Darwin was aboard, and his work made this ship one of the most famous ships in history. |
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| Where Charles Darwin collected Finches on the second voyage of the Beagle. |
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| human intervention in animal or plant reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits are represented in successive generation. |
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| Genus of plants in the mustard family; common plants include cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts. |
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| Differential survival and reproduction |
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| idea that those organisms best adapted to a given environment will be most likely to survive to reproductive age and have offspring of their own; better-adapted organisms will reproduce at a greater rate than less well-adapted. |
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| the extent to which an individual contributes genes to future generations, or an individual's score on a measure of performance expected to correlate with genetic contribution to future generations (such as lifetime and reproductive success) |
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| Adaptation (adaptive trait) |
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| a trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive or reproduce compared with individuals without the trait. |
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| an experiment in which individuals from different populations or treatments are reared together under identical conditions. |
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| the location on a phylogeny of the common ancestor of a clade. |
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| a point on an evolutionary tree at which a branch splits into two or more subbranches. |
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| a distinct variant of a phenotypic character of an organism. |
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| An observable feature or trait of an organism that is inherited. |
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| characters are usually described in terms of their states; (i.e. "hair present" vs. "hair absent", where 'hair' is the character and 'present/absent' are its states) |
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| lines that indicate a specific population or taxonomic group through time |
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| lineages that diverged from the same ancestral node on a phylogenetic tree. |
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| a classification scheme based on the historical sequence of divergence events (phylogeny); also used to identify a method of inferring phylogenies based on the presence of shared derived characters (synapomorphies). |
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| Phylogenetics (Phylogeny) |
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| the evolutionary history of a group |
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| A character that was possessed by the common ancestor of the species in a clade; used in contrast with derived character. |
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| a character present in one or more species in a clade that was not present in the clade/s common ancestor; an evolutionary novelty; also known as an apormorphy; used in contrast with ancestral character |
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| a character present in one or more species in a clade that was not present in the clade's common ancestor; an evolutionary novelty; also known as a derived character |
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| an ancestral character, that is, a character present in the common ancestor of a clade. |
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| a shared derived character; in a phylogenetic analysis, synapomorphies are used to define clades and distinguish them from outgroups. |
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| a distinctive feature (or derived trait) that is unique to a given terminal group (or taxa). |
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| the set of species (or populations) descended from a common ancestor |
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| a set of species that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. |
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| a set of species that are grouped by similarity, but not descended from a common ancestor |
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| similarity in the character found in different species that is due to convergent evolution, parallelism, or to reversal - not common descent. |
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| In general, the independent appearance in different lineages of similar evolutionary novelties. In evolutionary developmental biology, the independent appearance in different lineages of similar evolutionary novelties arising from different developmental mechanisms. |
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| an event that results in the reversion of a derived trait to ancestral form |
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| German biologist who is considered the founder of phylogenetic systematics; fundamental principle of phylogeny inference states synapomorphies identify monophyletic groups. |
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| Parsimony; Parsimony Analysis |
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| a criterion for selecting among alternative patterns or explanations based on minimizing the total amount of change or complexity |
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| a taxonomic group that diverged prior to the rest of the taxa in a phylogenetic analysis |
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| a species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we seek to determine (contrary to outgroup) |
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| idea that, in trying to understand something, getting unnecessary information out of the way is the fastest way to the truth or best explanation |
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| method for separating proteins based on size and electrical charge. |
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| distinct forms of an enzyme, encoded by different alleles at the same locus |
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| repeating sequences of 2-5 base pairs of DNA; also known as simple sequence repeats or short tandem repeats |
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| a gradual change in abiotic factors |
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| a systematic change along a geographic transect in the frequency of a genotype or phenotype |
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| an offspring that is not fathered by its mother's mate |
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| differences among individuals in a population that are due to differences int he environments they have experienced. |
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| a character that is adaptive because of its role in evading predatation and that develops only int eh presence of a cue emanating from the predator |
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| most common species of water flea |
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| semiochemical emitted by an organism which mediates interspecific interaction in a way that benefits an individual of another species which receives it, without benefiting the emitter |
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| Genotype-by-Enviornment Interaction |
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| differences in the effect of the environment on the phenotype displayed by different genotypes; for example, among people living in the same location some change their skin color with the seasons and others do not. |
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| the pattern of phenotypic plasticity exhibited by a genotype |
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| Environmental Sensitivity |
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| relative susceptibility to impacts of environments |
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| variation, under environmental influence, in the phenotype associated with a genotype |
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| chemical modification of DNA, managed by enzymes encoded in the genome, that can influence phenotype by altering gene expression |
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| the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and contributes to genetic variability |
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