Term
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Definition
a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generation
any change in the frequency of alleles within a gene pool from one generation to the next |
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Term
What is this:
a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generation |
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Definition
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Term
| What evidence is there for evolution? |
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Definition
Fossilization
Embryology
Homologous structures
Biochemical Analysis |
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Term
| What is fossilization and how is it evidence for evolution? |
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Definition
Fossils are ecords of the structure of organisms and the changes they have undergone
They can tell us about growth patterns in ancient animals
Show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants |
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Term
What is this:
records of the structure of organisms and the changes they have undergone |
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Definition
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Term
| What is embryology and how is it evidence for evolution? |
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Definition
The early embryos of organisms such as vertebrates are similar, suggesting that they evolved from a common ancestor
As new organs or structures evolved, these features were tacked onto the end of an organism’s embryonic development |
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Term
What is this:
The early ___ of organisms such as vertebrates are similar, suggesting that they evolved from a common ancestor
As new organs or structures evolved, these features were tacked onto the end of an organism’s ___ development |
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Definition
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Term
| What are homologous structures and how are they evidence for evolution? |
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Definition
characters in different organisms that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor that also had that character
The flipper of a seal, the wing of a bat, the leg of a dog, and the human arm all have the same basic bone structure |
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Term
What is this:
characters in different organisms that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor that also had that character |
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Definition
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Term
| Which evidence for evolution involves similarities in bone structures between different animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which evidence for evolution involves similarities between DNA compounds of different animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of homologous structures? |
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Definition
| The wing of a bat, leg of a dog, and arm of a human |
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Term
| What is an example of biochemical analysis in evolution? |
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Definition
| Metabolism of different animals is based on the same biochemical compounds |
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Term
| What is the most impressive direct evidence of evolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
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Definition
| both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant |
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Term
| Name the five principles of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
1. Large population size
2. Random mating (can't choose mates based on specific genotype)
3. No mutations (alleles cannot change)
4. No gene flow (no exchange of genes between populations)
5. No natural selection (no allele can have a reproductive advantage over another) |
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Term
| Describe the "no natural selection" principle of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| No allele can have a reproductive advantage over another. |
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Term
| Describe the "no gene flow" principle of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. |
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Definition
| there must be no exchange of genes between populations |
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Term
| Describe the "no mutations" principle of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the "random mating" principle of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. |
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Definition
| females cannot choose mates based on a particular genotype (and vice versa) |
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Term
| Name the four points of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection |
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Definition
1. variability
2. inherited
3. lots of offspring produced
4. size of population is stable |
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Term
Explain this point of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection:
Variability |
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Definition
| Individuals within a species vary in many ways, such as size, colour, and muscular coordination |
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Term
Explain this point of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection:
Inherited |
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Definition
| some of variability (point 1) is inherited |
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Term
Explain this point of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection:
lots of offspring produced |
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Definition
| More offspring is produced than can survive |
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Term
Explain this point of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection:
Population size is stable |
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Definition
| Population size tends to be stable if the environment isn't changing |
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Term
| What are some inferences that Darwin had made on the theory of evolution by natural selection? |
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Definition
competition between members of same species and different species, for resources
individuals with more favourable traits are more likely to survive and pass them on
these individuals contribute more offspring
favourable variations will become more common
biological fitness is determined by the ability to breed |
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Term
| What is natural selection? |
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Definition
| a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment |
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Term
What is this:
a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| What dictates favourable traits? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is biological fitness determined by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Large evolutionary change
Evolution of new species from common ancestors |
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Term
What is this:
Large evolutionary change
Evolution of new species from common ancestors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Small scale
Changes in gene frequencies |
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Term
What is this:
Small scale
Changes in gene frequencies |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the theory of acquired characteristics? |
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Definition
| hypothesis that physiological changes acquired over the life of an organism |
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Term
What is this:
hypothesis that physiological changes acquired over the life of an organism |
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Definition
| the theory of acquired characteristics |
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Term
Explain this using the theory of acquired characteristics:
over time, giraffes have become taller, with longer legs and necks |
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Definition
over time, giraffes have become taller, with longer legs and necks
Giraffes needed to be taller to reach the leaves in the tallest trees. During their lifetime, they would continually stretch to reach the top branches. This stretching strengthened their muscles and lengthened their bones. These changes were passed to each succeeding generation. |
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Term
Explain this using the theory of natural selection:
over time, giraffes have become taller, with longer legs and necks |
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Definition
| Sexual reproduction caused variation in genes passed to each offspring. At times, some of these genes mutated. These processes caused some giraffes to be born taller (and also shorter) than average. These taller giraffes were able to reach the tallest branches and they therefore had the most food. This allowed these giraffes to have more energy to reproduce and had more offspring, which inherited their genes. Over time, this meant that the population contained more giraffes that were taller. |
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Term
| Name the patterns of selection and their effects |
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Definition
Stabilizing - removes two extremes
Disruptive - removes most common
Directional - removes one extreme
Sexual - females look for mates with certain characteristics |
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Term
| Which pattern of selection often leads to formation of new species? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of selection removes both extremes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of selection removes one extreme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of selection removes the most common characteristics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which pattern of selection may result in sexual dimorphism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is sexual dimorphism? |
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Definition
| Marked difference between female and male |
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Term
| What is an example of sexual dimorphism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is sexual selection? |
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Definition
| certain characteristics are actively sought out by one sex, usually the female |
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Term
What is this:
certain characteristics are actively sought out by one sex, usually the female |
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Definition
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Term
What is this:
a marked difference between males and females |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the modern definition of species? |
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Definition
| A group of organisms that interbreed or can exchange genes |
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Term
| What is feature of the modern definition of species? |
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Definition
| Reflects more on genetics than on morphological differences |
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Term
| What is allopatric speciation? |
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Definition
| A continuous population is split into 2 smaller populations by a physical barrier |
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Term
| What speciation is caused by a physical barrier separating a population into two? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of allopatric speciation? |
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Definition
a river whose flow changed
a canyon forming
mountains rising
continents drifting |
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Term
What are these examples of:
a river whose flow changed
a canyon forming
mountains rising
continents drifting |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a condition for allopatric speciation? |
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Definition
| If barrier is removed, the two species cannot interbreed. If they are able to, they were never separate species. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of new species |
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Term
| What is allopatric speciation also known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
occurs within the range of the ancestral species.
Both the original species and the changed species continue to occupy the same environment. |
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Term
What is this:
occurs within the range of the ancestral species.
Both the original species and the changed species continue to occupy the same environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of sympatric speciation? |
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Definition
200 years ago, ancestors of apple maggot flies laid their eggs only on hawthorns
today, these flies lay eggs on hawthorns (which are native to America) and domestic apples (which were introduced to America by immigrants)
Females choose to lay their eggs on the type of fruit they grew up in
males tend to look for mates on the type of fruit they grew up in
hawthorn flies end up mating with other hawthorn flies
apple flies generally end up mating with other apple flies. |
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Term
What is this:
new species is formed due to a new niche being exploited within the same geographic region |
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Definition
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Term
| What are prezygotic isolating mechanisms? |
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Definition
| Prevent mating between different but related species |
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Term
| What are postzygotic isolating mechanisms? |
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Definition
| Offspring of different but related species is born but is not viable |
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Term
| List all prezygotic isolating mechanisms and their function |
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Definition
Ecological (geographic): live in different regions, don't meet (wolves and coyotes)
Temporal: mating season is different (western and eastern spotted skunk)
Behavioural: different mating rituals
Mechanical Isolation: structural differences in genitals (bush babies)
Gametic: DNA incompatibilities, sperm may be recognized as foreign substance, reproductive tract is not a suitable envrionment |
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Term
| List all postzygotic isolating mechanisms and their functions. |
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Definition
Hybrid mortality: embryo dies before birth (chromosomes not compatible)
Hybrid inviability: born, but weakened or with mental errors
Hybrid infertility: offspring is sterile (mule) |
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Term
| What isolating mechanism stops species from meeting? |
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Definition
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Term
| What isolating mechanism stops species from mating due to time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What isolating mechanism stops species form mating due to different mating rituals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What isolating mechanism stops fertilization due to differences in structures of genitals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What isolating mechanism stops mating at a molecular level (DNA incompatibilities) |
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Definition
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Term
What isolating mechanism is this:
offspring is born but is weakened or has mental errors |
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Definition
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Term
What isolating mechanism is this:
embryo dies before birth |
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Definition
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Term
what isolating mechanism is this:
offspring is born but is sterile |
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Definition
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Term
| A mule is an example of what isolating mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lions and tigers are examples of what isolating mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| The western and eastern spotted skunk are examples of what isolating mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bush babies are examples of what isolating mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| The biochemical evidence for evolution is based on the concept that... |
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Definition
| comparisons of the DNA and proteins of different species indicate the degree to which those species are related |
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Term
| Hormones such as insulin, cortisone, and ACTH are extracted from cattle and swine. The fact that these may be used successfully to treat humans illustrates: |
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Definition
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Term
| The basic structure of the hemoglobin molecule is the same in humans, penguins ,and salmon. This is considered to be an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| The term radioactive dating refers to: |
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Definition
| atoms that have an unstable nuclear arrangement |
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