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Definition
| a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants |
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| a sequence of species, that form a line of descent, each new species the direct result of speciation from an immediate ancestral species |
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| the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time |
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| the science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those group |
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| an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation |
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| an approach to biological classification in which items are grouped together based on whether or not they have one or more shared unique characteristics that come from the group's last common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors |
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Definition
| a taxon (group of organisms) which forms a clade, meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants |
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Definition
| consists of an ancestral species, and some, but not all, of it's descendants |
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| a group characterized by one or more homoplasies |
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Definition
| a trait that is present in an organism, but was absent in the last common ancestor of the group being considered |
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| a trait that is shared ("symmorphy") by two or more taxa and inferred to have been present in their most recent common ancestor |
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| (ancestral state) is a character state that a taxon has retained from its ancestors |
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| a relationship between a pair of structures, or genes, due to having shared ancestry vs a trait or structure that serves a similar function in two unrelated organisms |
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Definition
| a trait (genetic, morphological etc.) that is shared by two or more taxa because of convergence, parallelism or reversal |
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Definition
| the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages |
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Definition
| the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time |
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Definition
| the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of individuals |
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Definition
| the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific characteristic under consideration |
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Definition
| the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, phenology, behavior, and products of behavior |
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Definition
| the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment |
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Definition
| a change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal genetic element |
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Definition
| a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a point mutation that changes a purine nucleotide to another purine (A ↔ G) or a pyrimidine nucleotide to another pyrimidine (T ↔ C) |
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Definition
| the substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa |
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Definition
| the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified |
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Definition
| a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Definition
| any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing while the final mature RNA product of a gene is being generated |
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Definition
| any nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing |
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Definition
| the proportion of a particular allele (variant of a gene) among all allele copies being considered |
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Definition
| were created by a duplication event within the genome |
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Definition
| descended from the same ancestral sequence separated by a speciation event |
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Definition
| the tendency of genes that are located proximal to each other on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis |
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Definition
| containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes |
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Definition
| the ability to both survive and reproduce |
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Definition
| the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in population |
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Definition
| a condition in genetics where the phenotype of the heterozygote lies outside the phenotypical range of both homozygote parents |
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Definition
| the selection against the mean of a population distribution |
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| Frequency-Dependent Selection |
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Definition
| an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population |
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Definition
| a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection |
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Definition
| the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow |
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Definition
| the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
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| Effective Population Size |
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Definition
| the number of breeding individuals in an idealised population that would show the same amount of dispersion of allele frequencies under random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding as the population under consideration |
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Definition
| a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material |
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Definition
| the theory that at the molecular level evolutionary changes and polymorphisms are mainly due to mutations that are nearly enough neutral with respect to natural selection that their behavior and fate are mainly determined by mutation and random drift |
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Definition
| differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA |
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Definition
| is reproduction from the mating of pairs who are closely related genetically |
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Definition
| a combination of alleles (DNA sequences) at adjacent locations (loci) on a chromosome that are inherited together |
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Definition
| the production of new combinations of alleles, encoding a novel set of genetic information |
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Definition
| a form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization |
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