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Definition
| two populations cannot interbreed, become two different species. 4 causes: Geographical, Ecological, Behavioral, and Seasonal isolation |
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Definition
| separated by different locations or areas of living |
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Definition
| living in different ecosystems |
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Definition
| migrate/mate during different seasons |
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Term
| Types of Reproductive Isolation |
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Definition
| prezygotic and postzygotic |
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Term
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Definition
| gametes never meet due to geographical isolation, different mating behaviors, or seasonal isolation |
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Definition
| nocturnal vs. diurnal, different mating calls/seasons |
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Definition
| mating or fertilization occurs, but the zygote doesn't develope, or it is infertile and can't reproduce |
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Definition
| Change in a species in association to another species - predator gets faster prey must get faster, flowers are colorful to attract bird/insects, birds/insects are colorful to camouflage with flowers |
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Definition
| Environment dictates traits - fish look similar even if not related, whale is mammel but looks similar to fish (dorcil fin) |
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Definition
| 1 population becomes two or more due to different habitats or environmental changes. 2 types: adaptive radiation, and artificial selection |
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Term
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Definition
| one species creates more to avoid competition (finches) |
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Definition
| chosen and forced by breeders (ex. dogs and cows) |
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Definition
| slow minor genetic changes due to slow environmental changes |
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Definition
| period of rapid change, which creates many species at once due to isolation, rapid environmental changes, or genetic mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| change in a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
| a population's genetics change over dozens/hundreds of generations |
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Definition
| forms new species over a much longer time period than microevolution |
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Term
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Definition
| all genes in a local population, not an entire species |
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Term
| Hardy - Weinberg mathematical models |
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Definition
allele frequency - p + q = 1
genotypic frequency - p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
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Term
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Definition
no mutations
nobody moves
large population
random mating
no natural selection |
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Term
| Disprove H-W: No Mutations |
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Definition
| mutagens increase rate of mutations, beneficial mutations get passed on and become common |
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Term
| Disprove H-W: Nobody Moves |
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Definition
| immigration and emigration is inevitable - common within species (some species can't have too many males in one population, must move) |
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Term
Disprove H-W: Large Population
Define genetic drift, population bottleneck, and founder effect |
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Definition
genetic drift - affects small populations more, changes in allele frequencies due to events or changes could cause alleles to go away in small populations
bottleneck - drastic population reduction over few generations, can cause inbreeding which increases frequency of harmful and lethal homozygous alleles, which can lead to a reduction in fertility and survival |
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Term
Disprove H-W: Random Mating
Define assortative mating |
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Definition
| mating with someone who has similar traits, which doesn't affect genotypes but does affect phenotypes |
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Term
| Disprove H-W: Natural Selection |
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Definition
| most significant factor in evolution, changes frequencies in gene pools |
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Term
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Definition
| an average is chosen, ex. and average amount of eggs are born in a chicken so it is ok if one dies, but the chicken is able to provide for them that are born |
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Definition
| one extreme to another (peppered moth, black-->white) |
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Definition
| ex. black and white rabbits - black in forest, white in fields, no gray, became two different species |
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Term
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Definition
| how to choose best mating partner (ex. peacocks like big colorful plume --> trait gets passed on) |
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| Beneficial Mutations (3, from video) |
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Definition
Sickle cell anemia - prevents malaria (can live with sickle cell anemia but not with malaria)
lactose tolerance - came from domesticating cows, we mutated to be able to digest lactose because it made us stronger, which led to more reproduction
Pigmentation - due to various sun exposure, lighter skin in less sunny place, darker skin in sunny places (reflects UV light) |
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Term
| 4 Determining Factors of Evolution |
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Definition
genetics
occurs on a large scale
geographically related
statistically significant |
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Term
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Definition
fossils
ecology
homologous structures
analogous structures
vestigial structures
embryology
macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| physical evidence, can determine age due to where it was located in Earth's crust, includes shells/bones/tissue impressions, insects preserved in tree sap, tell different stories |
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Term
| Ecology (use frog as an example) |
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Definition
| frogs are related but adapt to different environments, natural selection acts on inherited variation to change species |
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Term
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Definition
| originated in same ancestor, similar features (human fore arm, bat wing, elephant leg) |
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Term
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Definition
| serve same purpose and look same, but have different embryological development and different internal anatomy; not from same ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| no use now, may have been useful in ancestors (whale has pelvic bone, we have appendix) may have common ancestor with an animal who has and uses that structure today |
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Term
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Definition
| similarities of embryos, similar embryonic stages begin to differ shows when animals began to diverge |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA and RNA similarities, different amino acid sequences, gorillas and humans have only one different amino acid in hemoglobin → possibly share a common ancestor a long time ago |
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