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| preserved remains of ancient organisms |
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| similar structures that have a common origin |
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| remnants of organs that were once useful |
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| all eukaryotic DNA is the same; ATP is found in all cells; cytochrome C(enzyme) is present in all cells |
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| similarites in early development of organisms |
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| looking at columns of rocks and determining age by the position of the layers |
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| tracking the amount of radioactive elements left in spcimens and, using their known rate of decay, calculating the time it took |
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| using predictable changes in DNA(mutation rates) to establish time-lines |
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| natural selection made possible by: |
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| overproduction, variations, fitness, adaptation |
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| the tendency of organisms to produce many more offspring than are needed to continue the species |
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| small differences between members of a species due to reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction or mutations |
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| a combination of physical traits and behaviours that help organisms to survive and reproduce |
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| a process that enables an organism to become more fit |
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| are the cause of some variations in organisms |
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| also creates variety in variation |
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| all the individuals of the same species in a given area |
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| genes shared by a population |
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| of an allele= the number of times an allele appears when compared with the total nmver of that type available |
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| any change in the frquency of an allele |
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| a population of organisms that breed together and share a common gene pool; they are able to produce fertile offspringd |
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| in an ecosystem, this consists of a combination of the role that an organism plays in the habitat in which it lives; no two species can occupy the same niche without competing |
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| the formation of new species; this happens when specie are separated and isolation occurs |
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| organisms desire change; use vs. disuse; acquired traits can be passed on to offspring; led Darwin to believe organisms can change according to environment |
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| overpopulation would be halted by disease, war, and famine; led Darwin to believe overproduction occurred because not all would survive |
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| the earth is very old, much older than previously thought; gave Darwin idea that there was time for evolution to occur over many generations |
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| gradual development of organisms into different species |
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| many similar species in the same area evolve farther away from a common ancester; ex: Glapagos finches |
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| an allele can become more common in a population, especially a smaller one, by chance; leads to common traits not neccesarily related to fitness; ex: humps on camels, horns on rhinos |
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| organisms develop similar appearances; opposite of divergent evolution |
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| quick evoution into different species |
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| those that are most fit will survive; there is time for change to occur, overproduction allows some to die, species can adapt to their environment, best organisms have the most offspring |
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