Term
|
Definition
| Male characters evolve to act as honest signals of genetic quality. Thus, Females benefit from selecting high quality males as mates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Male evolve to exploit pre-existing female preference. Females don't benefit from selecting these males w/ traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any consisten difference between males and females of a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differential reproductive success due to difference in ability to attract mates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the "indirect" component of fitness. This indirect component represents the gain in fitness made possible by an individual's altruistic act |
|
|
Term
| Coefficient of relatedness |
|
Definition
| the probability that homologous alleles present in different individuals are identical by descent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total reproductive success of an individual, including reproduction by the individual and also reproduction by related kin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fitness resulting from personal reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system in which one completely foregoes reproduction. system involving overlap in generations, cooperative care of young, and non-reproductive individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural selection that favors the spread of alleles that increase reproduction by related individuals |
|
|
Term
| Two reasons why there is not an even sex ratio |
|
Definition
1. local mate competition; occurs when a small group of related individuals are mating
2. Condition dependent sex allocation; occurs when maternal investment is high and fitter mothers produce more fit offspring |
|
|
Term
| systems of sex determination |
|
Definition
heterogametic chromosomes
haplodiploidy
temperature dependent sex determination
environmentally- determined sex determination
hormone signaling
pheromones signaling |
|
|
Term
| explain when promiscuity would be favored by natural selection over monogamy |
|
Definition
| If two parents are not required for parental care, if mates are easy to find, or if fitness increases with the number of mates |
|
|
Term
| under what conditions do we expect self-fertilization in plants to evolve? |
|
Definition
| Growing season is short, mates are scarce, few pollinators around |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selection will favor clutch size that produces largest number of surviving offspring, and there is a trade off; individual survival declines with increasing clutch size |
|
|
Term
| Assumptions of lack's hypothesis |
|
Definition
1. no trade-offs between reproductive efforts across years
2. clutch size only affects viability
3. no year-to-year variation in optimal clutch size |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary theory of aging |
|
Definition
| The evolutionary theory of aging posits that aging and death are attributable to inability of natural selection to prevent cell and tissue damage from occurring later in life (after peak reproductive period) |
|
|
Term
| Coincidental Evolution Hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the CE hypothesis predicts that the virulence of a certain pathogen is not due to any long-term coevolution between it and humans. Instead, the virulence is determined by the natural enemies of the pathogen in its native environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the level of virulence is shaped by long-term coevolution to represent a balance between the harm done to the host and the reproductive rate of the pathogen in the host |
|
|
Term
| Example of lateral gene transfer; long time ago, and recent |
|
Definition
long time: endosymbiosis of mitochondria or chloroplast
Recent: transfer of antibiotic resistance among bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Reasons why estimates of species number on earth is so variable |
|
Definition
groups of organisms are understudied
locations / ecosystems/ environments understudied
Discover of cryptic species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dispersal is when individuals leave and area and physically move to a new habitat and colonize it, forming new pops.
vicariance is when an existing pop is fragmented into 2 or more isolated pops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An RNA molecule capable of catalyzing a chemical reaction similar to enzymes |
|
|
Term
| 2 findings that suggest prokaryotes evolved 3.5 and 4.0 billion years ago |
|
Definition
fossil stromatolites date to 3.5 bya
2. carbon isotope data with higher 12c to c13 ratio in organic deposits 3.8 bya |
|
|
Term
| why are neither proteins nor DNA considered likely to have been the first life forms |
|
Definition
| Proteins are unable to self-replicate, and DNA is unable to catalyze reactions. |
|
|
Term
| Punctuated equilibrium and phyletic gradualism |
|
Definition
-Punctuated equilibrium posits that periods of rapid morphological change are accompanied by periods of rapid speciation and that once new species appear they exhibit stasis
- Phyletic gradualism does not require speciation for morphological divergence to occur and does not predict stasis |
|
|
Term
| Factors that contributed to Cambrian explosion |
|
Definition
- increase in oxygen content of seawater
- origin of hard parts
- evolution of eyes
- diversification of homeotic genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - key regulatory genes that control development by specifying "positional information" in the multicellular embryo. Different genes active in different embryonic locations causing the activation of different genes creating different structures |
|
|
Term
| evidence of Meteorite impact for cause of K-T mass extinction |
|
Definition
| Presence of iridium. rare on earth, common in meteorites |
|
|
Term
| In the hominid fossil record, Homo habilis is believed to have evolved from |
|
Definition
| Australopithecus africanus |
|
|
Term
| Which of these traits is NOT a synapomorphy of all apes as compared to Old World monkeys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to mitochondrial DNA data, modern humans evolved in Africa about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a feature of the hominid fossil record over the past 5 million years. |
|
Definition
| Evolution was largely continuous, gradual; there were no sudden changes in morphologies |
|
|
