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Definition
| idea of fixed species that were part of the scala naturae |
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Definition
| developed binomial system used to classify organisms |
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Term
| Darwin & Wallace's Theory of Evolution |
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Definition
| descent with modification & natural selection |
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Term
| Buffon, Lamarch & Erasmus Darwin |
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Definition
| concept of species' ability to change |
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Term
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Definition
| biogeography (distribution of species across the globe) |
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Definition
| population pressures & idea that populations will run out resources before they stop overproducing offspring |
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Definition
| gradual geological change and uniformitarianism |
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Term
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Definition
| well-studied fossils and extinct species |
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Term
| Huxley, Owen & Saint-Hillaire |
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Definition
| comparative anatomy & embryology |
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Term
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Definition
| on the Galapagos Island, good example of adaptive radiation, under Darwin's care |
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Term
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Definition
| Every species has come to existence coincident both in time and space with a pre-existing, closely related allied species |
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Definition
| condition for natural selection; individuals within a population have different phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| condition for natural selection; offspring inherit traits from their parents which is a mix of both parents' traits |
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Term
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Definition
| condition for natural selection; more offspring are produced than can survive |
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Term
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Definition
| nature selects for the traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce better |
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Term
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Definition
| species that occur on islands are often closely related to species on the nearby mainland |
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Term
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Definition
| variations on a structure present in a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| similar structures/functions that originated from different ancestors and converged |
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Term
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Definition
| remnants of structures that were used for one function in an ancestor but are no longer used for that function |
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Term
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Definition
| not like descent with modification; it's a process; reason that lineages exist |
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Term
| Descent with modification |
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Definition
| a result of natural selection; multiple branches with diverging phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| science of estimating phylogenies |
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Term
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Definition
| shows how different groups of organisms are related |
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Term
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Definition
| shows how different groups of organisms are related and has times that each of these organisms existed |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| what an organism has for that trait |
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Term
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Definition
| monophyletic group (all entities descended from the same common ancestor) |
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Term
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Definition
| group by shared, derived traits |
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Term
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Definition
| some but not all taxa are from a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| taxa independently evolved analogous traits |
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Term
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Definition
| number of changes in a phylogeny should be minimized |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotes, protista, fungi, plants and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| archaea, bacteria, eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles account for variation; offspring inherit 2 copies of parent genes; dominant alleles mask other phenotypes; 2 alleles for a trait split during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| randomly breeding group of individuals that is largely isolated from others |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions |
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Definition
| random mating for gene/trait, large population size, no mutation/selection in population, no migration; if a population doesn't conform to HWE for a certain trait, evolution has occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| frequency of homozygotes increases and frequency of heterozygotes decreases; matching alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| allele frequency fluctuation from one generation to the next increases in small populations; can result in a loss of variety across entire genome over time |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of variety across the entire genome over time |
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Term
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Definition
| severe decrease in size can be caused by disease, habitat loss, overharvesting leading to insufficient resources or climate change |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to bottleneck; a small population of species moves to a new habitat; there is reduced genetic diversity in the new population and a rapid change in allele frequency for high potential of divergence and speciation (ex. human colonization) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA that's replicated in meiosis isn't perfect and produces copy errors |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that make up your body so mutations in those cells aren't passed onto the next generation |
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Term
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Definition
| mutations are passed on in the gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| alteration in the nucleotide coding sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| region controlling gene regulation and expression is altered |
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Term
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Definition
| gene is copied more than it should be so that the genome has multiple copies of the same gene |
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Term
| Chromosome number & structure |
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Definition
| during meiosis, a gamete receives too many/too few chromosomes or a chromosome is damaged |
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Term
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Definition
| transcribed but not translated |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA for protein translation |
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Term
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Definition
| movement that will result in gene flow or the movement of genes from one place to another |
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Term
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Definition
| individual's ability to produce viable and fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals at either extreme have a lower fitness/probability of surviving. The curve is pushed to the side that it favors |
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Term
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Definition
| middle individuals are selected against so individuals on each extreme do better. if the next generation produces offspring randomly, it'll go back to its original curve |
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Term
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Definition
| both phenotypic extremes don't do well so the middle phenotype increases in frequency. The generation after this will produce a generation similar to the original curve. |
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Term
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Definition
| certain traits are linked to other traits that allow for increased selection and survival |
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Term
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Definition
| the same existing preferences being exploited by the males to increase their mating potential |
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Term
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Definition
| male-male competition for females; often results in body size sexual dimorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| marked differences in appearance between males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| males must show themselves to be genetically attractive to females |
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Term
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Definition
| one male, one female; not always matched for life but always within a single breeding season |
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Term
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Definition
| male-male competition for females; often results in body size sexual dimorphism |
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