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| statement of what are known to be the general laws and principles of something known or observed |
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| descent with modification |
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| Aristotle - chain of being |
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| John Ray - early naturalist and systematist |
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| George-Louis Leclerc Compte de Buffon |
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| animals occasionally change in form, relationship between different forms |
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| inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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| also had theory of evolution at the same time as Darwin |
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| traits show variation, some variation is heritable, correlation between differences in fitness and differences in phenotype |
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| can occur without evolution - HERITABLE variation necessary for evolution |
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| observable characteristic or trait in an organism |
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| component of a phenotype - eye color |
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| distinct variant of a phenotypic character - brown, blue, hazel (eye color is character) |
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| height, many possibilities |
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| smooth vs. wrinkled (Mendel's peas) - one of only several choices |
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| changes the average value (shifts mean) |
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| reduces amount of variation in trait (bell curve becomes less wide) |
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| increased amount of variation in trait (bell curve divided into two humps) |
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Definition
| within the context of evolution, individuals with advantageous or adaptive trait tend to be more successful than their peers reproductively |
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| correlatiosn across populations, comparing survivors and non-survivors, functional studies, convergent evolution |
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Definition
| correlates latitude with body mass in animals |
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| correlation with environmental factors |
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| selection selects for traits that are useful in certain conditions |
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| quantitative genetics models |
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Definition
| selection response for continuous trait |
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Definition
| specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome |
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| basic unit of heredity in a living organism - "locatable region of genomic sequence" |
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| one of a series of different forms of a gene - short for "allelomorph" |
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| the genotype at a specific locus |
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| genetic constitution of a cell, organism, or individual (specific genetic makeup) |
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| think of mixed race children - traits from both parents |
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| one trait dominates (wrinkled or smooth peas) |
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Definition
| study of allele frequency under influence of 4 processes - natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow |
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Definition
| assumptions - infinite population size, no selection, no mutation, no migration, random mating |
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Definition
| capacity of an individual of a certain genotype to reproduce |
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| potential reproductive capacity of an organism or population - major measure of fitness |
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| 1, 1, 1+S (WAA, WAa, Waa) |
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Definition
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| average # of surviving progeny of particular genotype, compared with average number of surviving progeny of competing genotypes after 1 gen |
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| having multiple alleles of a gene within a population |
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| 1-S, 1, 1-T (WAA, WAa, Waa) - sickle cell anemia |
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| Heterozygote Disadvantage |
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Definition
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Definition
| species mimics poisonous one |
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| Semi-conservative DNA replication |
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Definition
| each strand of the original DNA molecule serves as the template for DNA replication |
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Definition
| replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material |
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Definition
| addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into DNA sequence |
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Definition
| deletion of a gene or chromosome segment |
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| duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene |
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| segment of a chromosome that is reversed end to end |
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Definition
| does not affect produced protein |
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| replacement point mutation |
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Definition
| changes the protein produced |
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Definition
| most mutations are deleterious, or lethal or make the organism sterile |
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Term
| Continent Island Model of Migration |
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Definition
| organisms immigrate from the mainland to an island, change the allele frequency on the island |
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Definition
| increases genetic variation, homogenizing force, slows local adaptation, and shows the divergence of the "island" population that occurs through selection or chance events |
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Definition
| change in relative frequency in which allele occurs in a population due to random sampling and chance |
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Definition
| trace all alleles of a gene to most recent common ancestor |
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| evolution by genetic drift |
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Definition
| faster in small populations than in large |
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Term
| effective population size |
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Definition
| # of individuals in an ideal population in which the rate of genetic drift would be the same as in the actual population |
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| Conditions for selection to dominate |
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Definition
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| Conditions for drift to dominate |
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Definition
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Definition
| amino acid differences, nucleotide differences, microsatellites (simple sequence repeats itself over and over) |
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Definition
| use fossil constraints and rates of molecular change to deduce time when two species diverged, estimate time of events - speciation radiation |
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| clear functional constraint |
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Definition
| differences implied by genetic code |
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Term
| Neutral Theory of Evolution |
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Definition
| Kimura, vast majority of evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused by random drift of selectively neutral mutants. Attributes a large role to genetic drift, but theory does not deny the role of natural selection in determining course of adaptive evolution |
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Definition
| Pattern predicted by Kimura theory - higher with higher effective population size |
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Definition
| substitution rate = neutral mutation rate |
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Definition
| increased frequency of recessive defects, such as abnormal sperm |
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Definition
| multiple alleles are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies above that of gene mutation |
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Definition
| stabilizing, disruptive, directional - three types discussed earlier |
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| balancing selection and coalescence |
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Definition
| under neutrality, one can predict average time to coalescence of two randomly chosen alleles |
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Definition
| major histocompatibility complex - large gene family found in vertebrates that has to do with immunity |
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| differences between females and males |
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Definition
| female - few large gametes, male - many small gametes; female - more parental care, male - benefit from multiple mate |
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| fundamental (fitness) asymmetry of sex |
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Definition
| males attract mates, females - require resources to produce eggs and rear young |
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Definition
| having only one sex partner at any one time |
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Definition
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| more than one husband (uncommon) |
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| scramble competition polygyny |
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Definition
| females widely spaced, fertility is time limited |
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Definition
| male defends territory, where female gets resources - impala, for example |
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Definition
| mating ground, females come to display areas to mate - sage grouse |
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Definition
| ratio of males to females available to mate - skewed to males |
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| consequences of male-skewed operational sex ratio |
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Definition
| sexual selection, male to male competition |
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Definition
| choosy females may benefit directly through resources, and may get better genes |
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| evolution of female preference - benefit |
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Definition
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Definition
| nuptial gift, spermatophore in grasshoppers |
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Definition
| males with elaborate ornaments are handicapped, hinders male survival, and can only support an ornament if of high genetic quality |
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Definition
| males with low parasite levels can support elaborate ornaments, resistance to parasites is heritable |
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| male traits have no correlation with genetic quality |
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Definition
| preference for long tails gives advantage, even to bulky peacocks |
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| selection between organelles and cells |
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Definition
| petite mutant in mitochondria, cancer |
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Definition
| speciation = birth, extinction = death |
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Definition
| replicates itself in gene and makes no specific contribution to reproductive success |
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Definition
| promotes aid to descendant and non-descendant kin |
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Definition
| direct fitness + indirect fitness |
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| Conditions for trait to evolve |
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Definition
| benefit x recipient to donor - cost > 0 |
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Definition
| interaction between two organisms, each individual derives a fitness benefit |
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| brood parasitism (manipulation) |
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Definition
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Definition
| mechanisms whereby the evolution of cooperative or altruistic behavior may be favored by probability of future mutual interactions - donor and recipient change roles over time |
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Definition
| species or higher order group of organisms |
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| Linnaeus hierarchical classification scheme |
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Definition
| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti) |
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Definition
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Definition
| group in phylogenetic tree that contains all ancestors and descendants |
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Definition
| does not contain all successors of ancestor - "reptiles" does not include birds, so paraphyly |
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Definition
| derived, with or without modification, from a common ancestor (mammal appendages, whale flipper, bat wing, dog foot, human hand) |
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Definition
| character states only informative if shared and derived |
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Definition
| phylogenetic tree with fewest evolutionary changes is most likely to be right |
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Definition
| similarity in structure NOT inherited from a common ancestor |
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Definition
| separate structure evolve and appear like each other - vertebrate and octopus eyes |
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Definition
| example - wing patterns in butterflies |
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Definition
| teeth in frogs - something comes back |
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| comparative method (phylogenetic trees) |
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Definition
| use of comparisons of sets of species to test hypotheses about evolution |
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| habitat generalist and specialists |
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Definition
| generalist - different environments and foods = thrive like raccoons, specialist - one food, one environment = koala and eucalyptus leaves |
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Definition
| barrier is formed, variety develops in isolation |
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Definition
| new niche entered, niche isolated, then rejoined with larger population |
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Definition
| new niche entered, adjacent to larger population |
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Definition
| genetic polymorphism present within lager population |
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| most numerous kinds of organisms |
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Definition
| insects, higher plants, fungi, "other animals" |
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| biological species concept |
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Definition
| species are groups of natural populations reproductively isolates from other such groups |
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| morphological species concept |
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Definition
| population or group of populations that differ in morphology from other populations - raven and crow |
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| phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| smallest monophyletic group of common ancestry is a species. |
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Definition
| mechanisms that isolate species from one another |
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Definition
| mate/mating season at different times, day/seasons |
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Definition
| barriers to hybridization that happens before fertilization of the egg (temporal, habitat choice, mate choice, mechanical, gametic) |
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| habitat choice (isolating mechanism) |
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Definition
| only mate in preferred habitat |
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| mate choice (isolating mechanism) |
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Definition
| two different species meet but do not recognize sexual cues |
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| mechanical (isolating mechanism) |
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Definition
| try to copulate but doesn't work |
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| gametic (isolating mechanism) |
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Definition
| sperm transfer occurs, but egg is not fertilized |
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| post-zygotic (isolating mechanism) |
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Definition
| isolating factor that occurs after the zygote has formed |
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| zygote mortality (isolating mechanism) |
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Definition
| egg is fertilized, but zygote does not develop |
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Definition
| hybrid embryo forms but is not viable - developmental pathways disrupted and cannot survive without assistance |
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Definition
| hybrids are viable but the resulting adult is sterile |
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Definition
| first gen organisms are viable, but further gens become inviable/sterile. |
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Definition
| genetic mechanisms independent of environment |
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Definition
| genetic mechanisms dependent on environment - sticklebacks adapt to benthic and limnetic areas |
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Definition
| model of evolution of genetic incompatibility - selective pressure against a combination of alleles in the heterozygous state |
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Definition
| splitting in rage of a taxon |
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Definition
| evolution of pre-mating isolation after secondary contact to prevent formation of unfit hybrids - hybrid zone develops into full species barrier |
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| reproductive character displacement |
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Definition
| differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur but are minimized or lost where the species' distributions do not develop |
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Definition
| rapid evolutionary radiation characterized by an increase in the morphological and ecological diversity of a single, rapidly deversifying lineage. |
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Definition
| organism takes advantage of the lack of competitions in an environment and acclimates - may deviate enough to become own species. |
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Definition
| one ecomorph is not colonizing new island and then radiatin - islands are colonized by different forms |
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Term
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Definition
| porifera, cnidaria, cterophora (comb jellies), platyhelminthes, nematoda, arthropoda, annelida, mollusca, echinodermata, chordata |
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| definitions for taxonomic diversity |
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Definition
| speciation and extinction |
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Term
| Tree of Life (3 main branches and appearance) |
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Definition
| Bacteria - 4bya, Archaea - 4bya? Eukaryotes - 2bya (oldest stromatolitic cherts - 2.5 bya) |
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Definition
| 3.5 bya - first sign of life, multicellular life - 1bya |
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Definition
| 543 - 500 mya, burst of animal evolution in oceans, all of today's animal phyla originate in/before Cambrian period |
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Definition
| 520 mya - impressive Cambrian fossil - shows early animal forms, soft bodies |
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| Fossil record (best for...) |
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Definition
| marine invertebrates with hard, calcareous skeletons in shallow water, worst for soft organisms, fragile organisms (birds), terrestial organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| most organisms consumed by animals or decomposers, sediments form in any one place episodically, fossils (rock ) must persist for millions of years, and rock must be accessible to paleontologists |
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Definition
| lay out 3d patterns of multicellular organisms |
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| (Cretaceous - Tertiary) - end of Mesozoic era, beginning of Cenozoic - thin dark line in fossil record |
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| mineral evidence for outer space impact |
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Definition
| iridium, microtektites (natural glass rocks formed under unusually high temperatures and pressures), and shocked quartz (different crystal structure formed under intense pressure) - Chicxulub structure |
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Term
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Definition
Between Ordovician and Silurian periods (439 mya)
Late Devonian (354 mya)
between Permian and Triassic (251 mya)
between Triassic and Jurassic (206 mya)
between Cretaceous and Tertiary (65 mya)
current mass extinction - hunting, invasive species, destruction of habitat, possibly climate change |
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Term
| phylogeny of major primates |
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Definition
lemuriformes
tarsiiformes
new world monkeys
old world monkeys
gibbons
orangutans
gorillas
chimpanzees
humans |
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| History of human evolution (years) |
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Definition
8mya - lush forests
6 mya - climate change, open grasslands
4.5 mya - Australopithecus anamensis - earliest evidence of bipedalism
4.5 mya - Ardipithicus ramidus - pelvis and leg bones suggest walking/climbing - chimp sized cranium, open forest not grassland
3.5 mya - Australopithecus afarensis fossilized footprints
2 mya - homo habilis
1.5 mya - Homo erectus left Africa, dispersed over Europe, Africa
150,000ya - Homo neanderthalensis
100,000ya - Homo sapiens
35,000-30,000ya - Homo sapiens migrates to Europe, H. neanderthalensis goes extinct |
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Definition
| Homo erectus left Africa to Asia and Europe and all three groups separately evolved into Homo sapiens |
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Definition
| Homo erectus left to Asia and Europe, but archaic sapiens developed in Africa and replaced Asian and Europe populations, eventually evolving into modern-day Homo sapiens |
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Term
| Hybridization/Assimilation model |
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Definition
| early humanoid groups existed in Asia and Europe, but African Homo sapiens came to these three regions and early groups were assimilated into the Homo sapiens groups |
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