Term
Plato - had philosophy
eidos and essence |
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Definition
eidos- form/idea
essence - reality |
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Term
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Definition
Hutton and Lyell
same processes operated in the past as in the present and that the observations of geology should therefore be explained by causes that we can observe |
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Term
Lamarck
inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
-each species originated individually by spontaneous generation from non-living matter
-species differ from one another because they have different needs and so use certain of their organs and appendages more than other |
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Definition
| individual organisms change |
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Term
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Definition
| independently conceived natural selection |
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Term
| Darwin - variational theory of change |
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Definition
| natural selection - survival of the fittest |
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Definition
| Large differences evolve by leaps without intermediates |
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Definition
human overproduction should lead to famine
-influenced Darwin |
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Term
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Definition
| rat experiment - cut tails to show tail appeared in further generations |
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Term
| Phylogenetic Tree (tree of life) |
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Definition
| closely adjacent twigs represent living species derived only recently from their common ancestors where as twigs on different branches represent species derived from more ancient common ancestors |
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Term
| Character (characteristics) of organism |
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Definition
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Definition
| one of the variant conditions of a character "color of snail shell" "brown vs yellow" |
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Definition
| character state inherited without change from their common ancestor |
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Definition
| set of species derived from anyone common ancestor |
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Definition
| shared derived character states |
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Term
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Definition
| derived character states restricted to a single lineage |
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Term
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Definition
| if it has independently evolved 2 or more times and so does not have an unique origin |
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Term
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Definition
| -in systematics the principles of invoking the minimal number of evolutionary changes to infer phylogenetic relationships |
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Term
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Definition
a taxon that diverged from a group of other taxa before they diverged from one another
-the group not in study |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Difficulties in Tree Building
1) |
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Definition
Scoring characters is difficult
-deciding whether or not organisms have same character state often requires extensive knowledge of anatomical details
-teeth/no teeth/one tooth |
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Term
Difficulties in Tree Building
2) |
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Definition
Dealing with Homoplasies (Homoplay common)
-homoplasy is common and a data set may yield several different phylogenetic estimates that are equally good |
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Term
| Difficulties in tree building 3) |
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Definition
| Erasure of the traces of history -the process of evolution often erases the traces of prior evolutionary history |
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Term
Difficulties in tree Building
4) |
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Definition
| Some lineages diverge so rapidly that there is little opportunity for the ancestors of each monophyletic group to evolve distinctive synapomorphies (rapid divergence of lineages) |
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Term
Difficulties in tree building
5) |
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Definition
Gene trees don't equal species trees
-An accurately estimated gene tree may imply the wrong species phylogeny |
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Term
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Definition
| branching of a lineage into two or more descendant lines |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary change of various characteristics in each of the descedants |
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Term
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Definition
| set of all known descendants from a single common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
unrelated lineages that are more closely related to species that are placed in other taxa
ex. whale and fishes considered polyphyletic |
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Term
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Definition
-group that is monophyletic except that some descendants of the common ancestor have been placed in other taxa
-birds are different taxa but similar to dinosaurs and crocs |
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Term
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Definition
| superficially similar features are formed by different developmental pathways |
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Term
| parallel evolution (parallelism) |
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Definition
| involve similary developmenatl modifications that evolved independently (often closely related organisms because they are likely to have similar developmental mechanisms to begin with) |
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Term
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Definition
| constitute a return from an "advanced" or derived character state to a more "primitive" or ancestral state |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution of different characters at different rates within a lineage |
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Term
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Definition
important evolutionary phenomenon is the acquisition of distinct identities by such units -important basis for mosaic evolution -
-specific types of teeth-incisors, laterals, molars |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary change in the timing or rate of developmental events |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution of a more "juvenilized" morphology of the reproductive adult |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution of delayed maturity may result in reproduction at a larger size associated with the extended development of "hyper-adult" features |
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Term
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Definition
| differential rate of growth of different parts or dimensions of an organisms |
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Definition
| evolutionary change in the position within an organism at which a phenotypic character is expressed |
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Definition
| evolutionary divergence of members of a single phylogenetic lineage into a variety of different adaptive forms |
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Definition
| evolution of substantial phenotypic changes-great enough to create new species (branches) |
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Term
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Definition
| slight short term evolutionary changes within a species |
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Term
Rhipidistians-lobed fin fishes
Ichthyostega- primitive amphibians |
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Definition
similarities:
-five supporting basal bones in pelvic fin/hind limb
-dermal skull bones of braincase
-lateral line system of braincase
-similar bones in skulls |
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Term
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Definition
dinosaurs which gave rise to birds
-hollow bones
-wish bone (furcula)
-backward pointing pelvis
-3 toed feet |
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Term
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Definition
-evolved from theropod
-intermediate stage btwn reptiles & modern birds |
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Term
| Difference among Archaeopteryx and modern birds- what modern birds have that Archaeopteryx don't |
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Definition
1. Expanded braincase and fused bones
2. Fusion and reduction of digits
3. Fusion of pelvic bones and vertebrate
4. Reduction in number of tail vertebrae
5. Enlarged, keeled sternum
6. Processes that strengthen the ribs |
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Term
Origin of Mammals:
synapomorphies of mammals |
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Definition
-Lactation (not fossilized)
-Single lower jaw bone
-hair
-unique jaw articulation
-three bones in the middle ear
-differentiated teeth |
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Term
| Origin of Cetacea (whales/dolphins) |
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Definition
| Elomeryx- Ambulocetus - Rodhocetus - Dorudon - Phocoena |
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Term
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Definition
hippolike
-ancestor of cetaceans |
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Term
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Definition
-lived in shallow waters, used legs for swimming
-the digits end in small hooves like artiodactyls |
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Term
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Definition
| -fully aquatic using tail propulsion-pelvis was disconnected from the vertebral column and the hindlimbs barely projected from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| modern harbor porpoise has no residual hindlimb bones |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid evolutionary change in the phenotype of a lineage separated by long periods of little change |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-show periods of evolutionary stasis and periods of change
-changes not associated with cladogenesis
-stasis-->gradualism-->stasis |
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Term
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Definition
soft bodied organisms
-proterozoic life before cambrian
-hard to classify with reference to later anmials |
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Term
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Definition
| -southern landmass of Pangea |
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Term
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Definition
| northern land mass of Pangea |
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Term
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Definition
| single world continent that existed in Paleozoic and Mesozoic |
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Term
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Definition
-land bride connecting N and S America
-barrier for tropical marine organisms
-great American Interchange-terrestrial |
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Term
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Definition
-during pleistocene epoch - a very high proportion of large-bodied mammals and birds became extinct
-might have succumbed to changes in climate and habitat
-most likely weapon-wielding humans |
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Term
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Definition
-Triassic - mass extinction at end
-Jurrasic
-Cretaceous - K/T/ extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| of a species, restricted to a specific region or locality |
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Term
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Definition
| occur worldwide within similar type of climatic region |
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Term
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Definition
occur in different geographic regions
non-continuous |
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Term
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Definition
| separates islands that, despite their close proximity and similar climate, differ greatly in their fauna because these lithospheric plates came together only recently |
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Term
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Definition
Separation of populations of a widespread species or higher taxa
-fish (certain) have close relatives on other side of Isthmus of Panama |
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Term
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Definition
| movement across expanses of more or less continuous favorable habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement across a barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| description and analysis of the process that govern the geographic distribution of lineages of genes, especially within species and among closely related species |
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Term
Theory of Island Biogeography
-MacArthur and Wilson
-also applies to high altitudes |
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Definition
number of species on an island is increased by new colonizations but decreased by extinction
-as long as the rate of new colonization exceeds rate of extinction the number of species grows but when rates become equal=equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple count of species - simplest expression of taxonomic diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| Each species has to run (evolve) as fast as possible just to stay in the same place (survive) because its competitors, predators and parasites also continue to evolve |
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Term
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Definition
| Later group may have caused the extinction of the earlier group by competition |
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Term
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Definition
| Extinction of the incumbent taxon may then have vacated ecological "niche space" permitting the 2nd taxon to radiate |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptation that enables an organism to occupy a substantially new ecological niche often by using a novel resource or habitat |
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Term
| Replicated sister group comparison |
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Definition
| Diversity of a number of clades with a novel character can be compared with the diversity of their sister groups that retain the ancestral character state |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree to which the world's biota is partitioned among geographic region |
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