Term
| Biological species concept |
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Definition
species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Problems:not applicable to asexual species, hybridized species, difficult to establish |
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Term
| Typological species concept |
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Definition
a group of individuals that differ from other groups by possessing constant diagnostic characters
Problems: polymorphisms w/in pops, variation among pops, cryptic species (look the same, don't interbreed) |
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Term
| Evolutionary species concept |
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Definition
a lineage evolving separately from others with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies
Problems: is arbitrary,descriptive not mechanistic |
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Term
| Phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
the smallest diagnosable monophyletic group of populations within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent
Problems: What characters to use? What level of divergence constitutes species? How to distinguish btwn gene/species trees? Does not address mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
the most inclusive population of organisms having the potential for cohesion through intrinsic cohesive mechanisms
Problems:needs a thorough understanding of the cohesive mechanisms at work within species |
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Term
| Recognition species concept |
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Definition
the most inclusive population of biparental organisms which share a common fertilization system
Problems:doesn't apply to asexual, hybridization can occur (doesn't take in to acct) |
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Term
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Definition
| the fitness advantage that some individuals have over others of the same sex solely with respect to reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Viability + Fecundity + Longevity + Mating success |
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Term
| Why does sexual selection occur? |
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Definition
| because of an “asymmetry” of sex - i.e., sexual reproduction creates different selection pressures for males and females |
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Term
| Two consequences due to sexual selection |
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Definition
| Males should be competitive, females should be choosy |
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Term
| Intrasexual selection (types of competition) |
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Definition
| combat (weaponry), sperm competition, infanticide, alt. male reprod. strategies (jacking, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| Females show preference for certain traits- direct benefits |
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Term
| How does female choice evolve? |
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Definition
| Runaway selection, good genes hyp |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals own reproduction + indirect fitness (that of a relative) |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of natural selection acting on indirect fitness |
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Term
| 3 characters of Eusociality |
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Definition
1. overlapping generations of parents and their offspring
2. cooperative brood care
3. specialized castes of non-reproductive workers. |
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Term
| Why is Eusociality common in Hymenoptera? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Altruism directed at non related individuals (i.e. vampire bats regurgitate blood) |
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Term
| For reciprocal altruism to exist, what 2 conditions must exist? |
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Definition
| Cheaters must be punished, cost must be < benefit received |
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Term
| what conditions may favor the evolution of reciprocal altruism? |
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Definition
1. Groups are stable
2. Opportunities for altruism are numerous
3. Altruists interact in symmetrical situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Simultaneous and sequential |
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Term
| Protoandry v.s. protogyny |
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Definition
-protandrous species - individuals begin life as males and switch to females later in life.
- in protogynous species - individuals begin life as females and switch to males later in life. |
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Term
| Inbreeding and measures to prevent it |
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Definition
| Plants try to avoid this by using asynchronous male/female functions, monoecy/dioecy, self-incompatible loci, heterostyly |
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Term
| Life history characteristics |
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Definition
1. age at first reproduction
2. total life span
3. mode and frequency of reproduction
4. fecundity
5. parental care |
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Term
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Definition
| aging is caused by the accumulation of irreparable damage to cells and tissues |
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Term
| Rate of living theory makes 2 predictions: |
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Definition
| Lifespan should correspond negatively with metabolic rate and longevity should not respond to selection |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene having more than one phenotypic effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| when a species reproduces only once and then dies |
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Term
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Definition
| a species to reproduce several times throughout life |
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Term
| Lack's hypothesis assumes: |
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Definition
No trade-offs between reproductive efforts across years
clutch size only affects viability
no year-to-year variation in clutch size |
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Term
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Definition
| specific sites that the immune system recognizes and remembers (through memory cells) |
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Term
| three models have been proposed to account for the evolution of virulence |
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Definition
| Coincidental evolution hyp, short-sighted evol. hyp, trade-off hyp |
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Term
| Factors leading to increased virulence |
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Definition
| Live host not needed for transmission, multiple infections in one host,horizontal transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| addresses why the total amount of non-coding DNA varies so dramatically among lineages |
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Term
| Four mechanisms for lateral gene transfer |
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Definition
| viral transfer, conjugation, transformation, endosymbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Genetic cohesive mechanisms
- the two dominant mechanisms acting to maintain species integrity are gene flow and stabilizing selection
2. Ecological cohesive mechanisms
- this would include all aspects of the ecology of the species.
- these would include species abundance, its demographic stability, its fundamental niche, the strength of interactions with other species, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| Allopatric (complete separation), Parapatric (narrow contact zone), Sympatric (reproductively isolation while living together) |
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Term
| What are evolutionary processes are involved in the speciation process? |
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Definition
| Natural Selection, Sexual Selection, Random Genetic Drift |
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Term
| Generalities about pre/postzygotic barriers |
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Definition
1. The magnitude of prezygotic and postzygotic isolation both increase with the time
2. Among recently separated groups, prezygotic isolation is generally stronger than postzygotic isolation.
3. In the early stages of speciation, hybrid sterility or inviability is almost always seen in the heterogametic sex. |
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Term
| Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility |
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Definition
when the A2 and B2 alleles occur together in a hybrid, they reduce fitness because each functions poorly in the presence of the other.
- this form of negative epistasis is called Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility |
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Term
| Autopolyploids/Allopolyploids |
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Definition
Auto- has extra set of chromosomes from cross w/ same species
Allo- has extra set from merge with diff. species |
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Term
| Secondary contact and possible outcomes: |
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Definition
| No interbreeding occurs, introgression, partial interbreeding occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the acquisition of additional isolating mechanisms to “complete” the speciation process |
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Term
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Definition
1. It must be capable of reproducing.
2. It must possess a genotype and a phenotype.
3. It must possess a metabolism.
4. It must be capable of evolving. |
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Term
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Definition
inorganic molecules
↓
organic molecules
↓
biological polymers
↓
replicating systems
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protobionts
↓
true cells |
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Term
| Evidence that RNA predated DNA |
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Definition
1. RNA is involved in DNA replication.
2. RNA plays a major role in protein synthesis.
3. Ribonucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP) are the energy currency of cells.
4. Deoxyribonucleotides are synthesized from RNA precursors. |
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Term
| What is the evidence for proks? |
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Definition
| Stromatolites, early photosynthesis from C isotope ratios |
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Term
| Hypotheses for the early evolution of Euks |
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Definition
| Universal gene-pool hypothesis, Ring of Life hyp, Chronocyte hyp, 4 viruses/3 domains hyp |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the timing or the rate of developmental events |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Slow rate of Paedomorphosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape |
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Term
| What is the evolutionary significance of heterochrony? |
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Definition
1. large changes in phenotypes may be easily accomplished
- in many cases, mutations at one or several genetic loci may be involved.
2. likely important in speciation
- reproductive isolation is achieved easily between gene pools differing in heterochronic mutations.
3. may release lineages from phylogenetic constraints
- in paedomorphosis, the descendant no longer passes through the same developmental stages as the ancestor.
- this can “free” the species from the constraint imposed by that structure. |
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Term
| Three ways HOX genes can influence morphological evolution |
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Definition
| Changes in total number, spatial expression, gene interactions, |
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