Term
|
Definition
students of animal life and structure
- began to doubt species were created separately |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gradual change of a species |
|
|
Term
| Evolution by Natural Selection |
|
Definition
a theory that says evolution proceeds by differential success in reproduction
- proposed by Darwin and Wallace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin's boat that was taken to South America and Galapagos Island |
|
|
Term
| Turtles and Finches in the Galapagos Islands |
|
Definition
| What Darwin studied to prove evolution |
|
|
Term
| Suffering from a fever and delusional |
|
Definition
| How Wallace got the idea of evolution |
|
|
Term
1. Reproduction will increase a population rapidly unless factors limit it
2. Individuals of a species are not identical
3. Some variation is inherited
4. Not all offspring survive to reproduce |
|
Definition
| 4 Things Darwin's hypothesis is based on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variations in individuals that increase the likelihood of offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each sex has anatomical and behavioral features that favor reproductive success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adaptations that favor survival in the animal's environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
similarities in behavior or structure among unrelated animals due to adaptations to similar environments
Ex: birds and bats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the resemblance between features such as body shape due to convergent evolution
Ex: the wing bones of birds and bats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a similarity based on common ancestry
Ex: the 3 arm bones of most mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structures used for similar function, even though they might not look alike
Ex: a human hand and an elephant's trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spontaneous changes in genes, a rapid form of evolution
- create variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the study of the mechanisms of inheritance
- began with Mendel and DeVries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of species that resemble each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
Genus and species
Ex: Homo sapien |
|
Definition
| the two names that make up the scientific name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created the first system of classification for living organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the classification of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to quantify the differences between species and estimate the divergence of species from a common ancestor through the rate of DNA decay |
|
|
Term
1. Outstanding features, like sensory skill
2. Convenience
3. Comparison
4. Preservation (keeping species from becoming extinct)
5. Economic importance
6. Treatment of disease |
|
Definition
| 6 reasons to study certain species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evolutionary history of a particular group of organisms and may be represented as a family tree |
|
|
Term
| HVC (brain area that generates songs) |
|
Definition
| A strong correlation between repertoire size and what? |
|
|
Term
the larger the brain area that controls it is
Ex: rat and whiskers; platypus and bill |
|
Definition
| the more you use something... |
|
|
Term
True
- they differ in actual and relative size of regions |
|
Definition
| T or F: All mammals have the same main brain structures |
|
|
Term
1. Develop from a dorsal neural tube
2. Bilateral symmetry
3. Segmentation
4. Hierarchical control
5. Separate peripheral and central systems
6. Localization of function |
|
Definition
| 6 main features vertebrate nervous systems share |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means we have different vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a brain that controls the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain areas of brain control certain functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uses a skull to make a cast of the brain
- used to study evolution of the brain
- used for extinct animals |
|
|
Term
1. Endocast
2. Living animals |
|
Definition
| 2 methods to study evolution of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a measure of brain size relative to body size
brain size/(body size)^0.69 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All mammals have a six-layered... |
|
|
Term
1. Total body weights (elephants top)
2. Brain weight as % of body weight (shrews top)
- (brain wt./body wt.)*100
3. Encephalization factor (humans top)
- brain wt./(body wt.)^0.69 |
|
Definition
| 3 ways of evaluating brain size |
|
|
Term
| By prolonging the later stages of development |
|
Definition
| How have larger brains evolved? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hominids that made and used tools |
|
|
Term
It reduced the necessity for large jaws and teeth, which became smaller
This led to more skull area being free for larger brains |
|
Definition
| What did tools do for hominids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggests a larger brain is needed to maintain social relationships between similar individuals |
|
|
Term
| primates show a correlation between clique size and size of the cortex relative to overall brain size |
|
Definition
| Evidence of Social Brain Hypothesis |
|
|
Term
- brains became larger and faces got smaller
- made elaborate tools
- used fire
- hunted
- expanded area over 3 continents |
|
Definition
| 5 important changes of Homo erectus |
|
|
Term
1. a long gestation period
2. prolonged dependence on parents
3. high metabolic cost
4. complex genes are vulnerable to mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. Increased survival and ability for group interaction (in humans)
2. Innovative behavior, use of tools, and social learning (in primates) |
|
Definition
| 2 adaptive advantages of a large brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies how evolution might have shaped human behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When did Homo sapiens colonize Europe and Asia? |
|
|
