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| a slow, gradual change - processes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest forms to all the diverse forms of today |
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| study of fossils to reveal past life history |
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| prefect world vs. real world |
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| major changes in the earths crust that are the results of catastrophic event |
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| creator's plan could be revealed by studying nature - creator designed each species for a purpose |
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| creator's plan could be revealed by studying nature - creator designed each species for a purpose |
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| change is the result of a slow, cumulative, continuous process |
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| geological processes are uniform and have always occurred in earths history |
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| evolution by need to achieve perfection - inheritance of acquired traits |
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| used structures become larger, unused structures deteriorate |
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| populations tend to "over produce" - only a fraction of a ppulation will survive |
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| evolution by natural selection |
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| off the coast of south america - species of plants and animals similar to mainland |
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| geographical distribution of species - islands usually have species similar to and closely related to the mainland island |
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| provides a major outline of evolution by studying preserved remains of organisms - shows biogeography |
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| compare anatomical structures |
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| structures in organisms that had similar framework - showing common ancestry (ex: bat wing and bird wing, human arm) |
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| part of an animals body which is no longer used |
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| compare embryological development |
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| "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" |
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| the development of an organism is a replay of the evolutionary history of the species |
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| evolutionary relationships are reflected in similar DNA and protein sequences |
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| breed organisms exhibiting the "best" traits |
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| pre-industrial revolution |
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| tree bark light in color - light colored moths survived better than dark colored moths |
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| pollution accumulated on tree bark turning it dark gray - dark colored moths dominate, few light moths survived |
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| post-industrial revolution |
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| tree bark turned back to light color and moth population reversed |
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| modern evolutionary theory |
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| importance of populations as units of evolution - natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolutionary change |
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| groupd of organisms that breed and form fertile offspring |
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| includes all the members of a species in a given area |
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| the total of all the GENES in a population at any one time |
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| conditions for hardy-weinberg equilibrium |
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| large population size, isolation from other other population (no immigration/emigration), no mutations, random mating, no natural selection |
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| genetics of NONEVOLVING populations - frequency of alleles in a gene pool will remain constant unless acted upon by agents other than segregation and recombination during meiosis |
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| evolution on a small scale (change in gene loci) |
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| change in gene pool as a result of CHANCE because population is small |
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| few individuals - colonies in new area |
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| genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations |
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| spontaneous mutation rate = one in 10^5 of 10^6 gametes |
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| inbreeding and assortative mating |
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| individuals select partners that are like themselves |
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| natural selection maintains diversity in a population |
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| hybrid is selected over either pure dominant of recessive |
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| acts against the extreme phenotypes |
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| favors extreme phenotypes |
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| common - shifts phenotypes |
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| structural differences prevent mating |
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| populations live in different habitats and do not meet |
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| temperal/seasonal premating |
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| mating occurs at different seasons of times of the day |
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| no attraction between males and females |
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| female and male gamete do not attract each other and do not fertilize |
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| hybrid inviability (postmating) |
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| hybrid fails to reach sexual maturity |
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| hybrid sterility (postmating) |
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| hybrids do not produce functional gametes |
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| hybrid breakdown (postmating) |
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| offspring of hybrids have reduced viability or fertility |
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| physically separate species - if they experience different selective pressures they may evolve into new species |
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| formation of new species within the range within the range of the parents |
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| the possession of more than the normal 2 sets of chromosomes found in diploid cells |
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| two species occupy areas that have similar environments - since they experience the same selective pressures, they come to resemble each other - can develop ANALOGOUS structures |
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| isolated species evolve of change in similar ways - continue to remain similar (marsupials and young mammals) |
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| one species splits and each fraction different selective pressures - gradually evolve into different species |
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| single species in area - population - high competition - population fragments into different habitats |
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| two or more populatons interact so closely that they evolve together |
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| close association between species which live togethher in direct contact |
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| (+,+) both benefit (ex legume, lichen, termite) |
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| (+,0) one benefits, one not harmed (ex remore fish and shark, barnacles and whale) |
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| (+,-) one benefits, one is harmed (ex athlete's foot) |
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| warning coloration (poisonous organisms) |
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| species which imitate one another |
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| harmless species - imitates a harmful one |
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| two harmful species imitate each other |
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| a new species changes msot as it buds from a parent species and then changes a little for the rest of its existence |
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| organisms preserved in sap, ice, or tar |
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| indentation in rock shaped like organism |
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| technique used for fossils where dissolved minerals replace organic matter |
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| absolute dating of fossils |
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| c^14 - half life 5600 years, for fossils < 50,000 years u^238 - half life 4.5 billion years |
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| relative dating of fossils |
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| using fossils in rock layers (index fossil) |
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| formed from the sand and mud that settles on the floors of seas, lakes, and oceans |
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| evolutionary link between one species and another |
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| fossils that show a gradual series of change |
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| the similarity of structure between 2 species that are not closely related |
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| evolutionary link based upon similar embryological development |
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| examines the mucleotide and amino acid sequences of DNA and proteins from different species |
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| evolutionary link based upon similar nucleic acid sequences in DNA |
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| evolutionary link based upon similar amino acid structure found in proteins |
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| the study of the diversity of life/taxonomy |
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| study of the evolutionary history of the species |
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| decides taxonomic relationships based on similarity and differences |
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| evolutionary branches are based upon time factors alone |
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| classical evolutionary systemics |
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| evolutionary branches are basde on both time and taxonomy |
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| similar stages in development among related species |
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| life comes from pre-existing life |
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| life comes from non-living materials (today's atmosphere) |
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| life comes from non-living materials (primitive atmosphere) |
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| (primitive reductive) h2 - h2o (present oxidative) |
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| (primitive reductive) nh3 - n2 (present oxidative) |
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| (primitive reductive) h2o - o2 (present oxidative) |
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| (primitive reductive) ch4 - co2 (present oxidative) |
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| al oparin and jbs haldane |
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| molecules of the primitive atmosphere were unstable when exposed to high heat - the breakdown products waches into the sea - the breakdown products can recombine to corm coacervates |
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| stanley miller and harold urey |
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| experimented to form organic molecules fromt he compounds found in the primitive atmosphere (amino acids, organic acids) |
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| dripped organic monomers onto hot sand/rock/clay, which resulted in abiotic polymerization forming proteinoids |
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| abiotically produced organic molecules that can be self-maintained in a stable environment |
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