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- Developed scientific method
- Knowledge is power |
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| 3 key concepts of Evolution |
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- Earth is ancient
- Surface has changed and continues to change, Earth is dynamic
- Plants and animals have changed and continue to change in response to Earth's changes |
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- everything has a fixed essence: world around us has always been the same since created, absolute essence that can't be altered
- great chain of being: heirarchy (gods, demigods, humans, etc)
- looked around the world and made observations about the nature of things |
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- references the bible and people's ages to figure out how old the earth is
- earth's static and center of universe : geocentric |
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- first to challenge the notion as earth being the center of the universe
- looked at observation of moon and stars |
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| - backed Copernicus' theory by telescope observations of the moons of Jupiter |
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- studied wind and rain erosion and figured this shit must've been going down for a while
- if forces keep happening = changes in earth
- uniformitarianism: earth must be very old; forces of nature must've been happening a while = changing = old
- ridiculed as a heretic :( |
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- one of Darwin's major influences
- resurrected uniformitarianism
- Principles of Geology (1830) |
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- studied tissue structure
- determined fossils were once living
- fossils are organisms' remains |
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- father of comparitive anatomy and vertebrate paleontology
- compared old fossils to new
- figured there might be things existed in past that don't exist today
- observes creatures are in layers which led to
- catastrophism: once living animals then there was a catastrophe then death then new animals came up |
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- english naturalist
- attempted to construct the best way to categorize organisms by paying close attention to detail
- categorized organisms paying attention to details
- laid foundation for taxonomy |
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- fossils found around the world
- need for order
- established a system to give organisms common and specific names
- father of taxonomy (categorizing): binomial nomenclature: 2 name method
- genus: groups of species with similar adaptations
- species: group of pop. whose members can naturally interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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- accepted the general notion of biological change
- observed animals that moved to new climates often change in response to a new climate
- animals respond to new environments, climate changes, dynamic species |
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- published Philospha Zoologique
- advanced, well supported ideas of evolution but wrong mechanism
- thought animals change out of willpower
- giraffes used to be short and would reach for leaves but couldn't so kids would have longer necks and so forth
- ridiculed by Cuvier |
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- great influence on Darwin
- Malthusian Equation
- population limited in quantity based on resources around them so if the population increased past capacity, the environment would react to cut down
- supply and demand |
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- Darwin's granddaddy
- prominent physician
- embraced ideas regarding the change in organisms at the time |
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- relgious family, taught creatioinist ideas
- naturalist/biologist at university
- voyage of the Beagle: mapping coast of south america, goes around world, observations laid foundation, species changes in physiology
- uses from Malthus: multiple offspring so populatin size expand past threshold but population remains the same so there must be another force
- what makes them survive? members of population within species compete access for food
- species vary in physical attributes within species |
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- worked in Amazon River Basin and later in Malay Archipelago which convinces him of evolution
- sent letters to Darwin asking to send to Lyell
- Darwin published first |
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- fangirl
- urged Darwin to publish before Wallace
- Darwin's bulldog
- principle defender of scientific attacks on Darwin |
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- prominent member of British scientific comm.
- wanted a magnum opus
- published Origin of Species NOVEMBER 24, 1859 23 years after his voyage |
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1. Evolution occurred
2. Most evol. change was gradual, requiring thousands or millions of years
3. the primary mechanism for evolution was a process called natural selection
4. millions of species present on earth today arose from a single original life form through a branching process called speciation, by which one species can give rise to two or more |
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- moravian monk
- experiments of plant hybrids
- idea of how heredity works
- father of genetics, unknown in his time |
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- synthesized evolution
- grandson of Thomas Huxley |
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| Rosalind Franklin & Raymond Gosling |
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Definition
- determined form of DNA
- xray defraction images of DNA
- fundamental unit of heredity |
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| James Watson & Francis Crick |
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- published structure of dna
- double helix
- relied heavily on Franklin and Gosling's unpublished work |
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| Stephen J Gould & Niles Eldredge |
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| - 'punctuated equilibria': long periods of stasis (nothing happens) and then rapid change (against evol. idea of gradual change) |
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| - the "selfish gene": dna like a virus uses contraption to get passed down |
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