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| theory that explains the global distribution of geological phenomena such as seismicity, volcanism, continental drift, and mountain building in terms of the formation, destruction, movement, and interaction of the earth's lithospheric plates. |
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| Group of organisms of one species occupying well-defined geographical region and reproductive continuity |
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| Gametes of a population contributes to the next population |
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Evolution as change in gene (allele) frequencies
Study of allele frequencies and their changes |
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| A jump, a discontinuous nutational change in one or more phenotypic traits, usually of considerable magnitudes |
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| Mechanisms of obtaining different products from the same gene |
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Gene Duplication
Gene Duplicates can change function
Repeat Sequences
Changes in gene regulation
Alt. Splicing
iRNA and post translational modification |
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Mutation or genetic drift introduce variation
Subject to selection
Resulting in adaptive changes in phenotype
Eventually resulting in organismal diversity |
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| Mechanisms of ways populations evolve |
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Mutations - driven by genetic variation
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift (sampling error)
Migration
Genetic Recombination |
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local group of an interbreeding population
geographic features can affect the size of the group |
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| Proportion of the different allels of the genes in a population |
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| Sum total of allels in the reproductive gametes of a population |
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| Conservation of Allele Frequencies |
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Under conditions of random mating (panmixia) where all genotypes are equally viable, the allele frequencies depend on allele frequencies of previous generations (NOT Genotype frequencies)
Different genotypes depend only on allele frequencies |
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| Change of a single nucleotide |
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| Addition(insertion), deletions. Shifts the reading of the DNA strand , downstream. |
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| Consequences of Mutations |
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Silent Mutations - changes the nucleotide but does not change the function of the amino acid
Missense - diff amino acid could be produced but protein may still function correctly
Nonsense- Insert of a premature stop codon |
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