Term
| Explain Darwin's Epic Journey |
|
Definition
| When Darwin developed a theory to explain evolution. The theory explains how modern organisms have evolved through descent from common ancestors. |
|
|
Term
| What did Darwin observe aboard the Beagle? |
|
Definition
* Different yet ecologically similar plants and animals occupied different ecologically similar habitats around the globe.
* Organism traits (turtle shell shape) vary from island to island. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The preserved remains of ancient organisms |
|
|
Term
| On which continent did Darwin spend most of his time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geologists during Darwin's time suggested that the earth was ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What important information did the Galapagos Island tortoises provide Darwin with? |
|
Definition
| The tortoises with different shell shapes, lengths, and necks allowed Darwin to ID the island. |
|
|
Term
| Who first argued the Earth is many millions of years old |
|
Definition
| Charles Lyell and James Hutton also argued that volcanos and erosion are the same ones that changed Earth in the past. |
|
|
Term
| What did Lamarck hypothesize to explain evolution. |
|
Definition
According to Lamarck all organisms have an inborn drive to become more complex and perfect.
*An organism could gain or loose traits during its lifetime by using or not using certain organs. |
|
|
Term
| According to Lamarck acquired characteristics could be passed on to an organism's offspring leading to evolution of the species. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to contemporary scientists feel about Lamarck's theories? |
|
Definition
| Scientists now know that most of Lamarck's Ideas about evolution are incorrect. However, he recognized that organism traits are linked to its environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The threat of running out of living space and food. (Thomas Malthus) Darwin realized that this was true of all organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When nature provides the variations and humans select those they find desirable. Darwin found that natural variation was very important because it provided the raw material for evolution. |
|
|
Term
| How did Geology influence Darwin? |
|
Definition
1) Earth changes so life might as well
2) Earth is old so enough time for life to change. |
|
|
Term
| Lyell thought most geological processes operated extremely slow. True or False. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Lamarck propose that species change over time? |
|
Definition
* Selective use of organs
* Acquired traits to offspring
* Animals adapt to their environments |
|
|
Term
| What observation causes Thomas Malthus to form his theory about population growth? |
|
Definition
| Human birth rate was higher than the death rate. |
|
|
Term
| Malthus's ideas lead Darwin to conclude that |
|
Definition
| Many more organisms are born than will survive and reproduce. |
|
|
Term
| How do humans affect artificial selection? What role does nature play. |
|
Definition
*Nature provides the variations among organisms
* Humans select for variations that are useful or appealing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did James Hutton contribute to Darwin's Theory? |
|
Definition
| He made connections between geological process and feature. |
|
|
Term
| What was Charles Lyell's contribution to Darwin's Theory |
|
Definition
The earth is extremely old
Changes occur over time so life can change over time |
|
|
Term
| Jean Baptiste Lamarck contributed what to Darwin's Theory? |
|
Definition
| Explained evolution and species aren't fixed. |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Malthus contributed what idea to Darwin's theory? |
|
Definition
| Human population grew more than it died. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Darwin's theory of Natural Selection |
|
Definition
*More offspring are produced than can survive to reproduce.
* Individuals exhibit variation. Some differences can be passed to offspring.
* Inherited traits that increase survival are called adaptations.
* Differences among adaptations affect and individual's fitness.
*Only the fittest organisms live to reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only the fittest organisms live to reproduce and pass on their adaptive traits to offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. |
|
|
Term
| What does struggle for existence mean? |
|
Definition
| Organisms are struggling to survive during overpopulation. |
|
|
Term
| Why is camouflage considered an adaptation? |
|
Definition
| An offspring can't automatically know what kind of camouflage it will require. |
|
|
Term
| How does fitness relate to survival and reproduction? |
|
Definition
| If an animal is fit it has better chances in survival and reproduction. |
|
|
Term
| Natural selection acts on inheritable traits. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural selection depends on the ability of organisms to ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptation causes successful species to _______ into new species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common descent suggesting that all species living and extinct are akin to one another. |
|
|
Term
| Descent with Modification |
|
Definition
| The principle that living species descent with changes from other species over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past. |
|
|
Term
| What two biogeographical patterns are significant to Darwin's theory? |
|
Definition
1)A pattern in which closesly related species differentiate in slightly different climates. The Galapagos tortoises and finches follow this pattern.
2) Very distantly related species develop similarities in similar environments. The rheas, ostriches, and emus fall into this pattern. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structures shared by related species and have been inherited from a common ancestor. Similarities and differences among homologous structures help determine how recently two groups shared a common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body parts that share a common function, but neither structure nor common ancestry. These structures do not provide any evidence for evolutionary descent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologous structures that are greatly reduced in size or have little to no function. |
|
|
Term
| related organisms may be similar if they live in similar ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provide an example of a Homologous structure. |
|
Definition
| Front limbs of reptiles and birds. |
|
|
Term
| Provide an example of an Analogous Structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provide an example of a Vestigial structure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A reptile foot and bird foot are examples of what kind of structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provides molecular evidence that supports evolutionary theory. |
|
|
Term
| True or False? All living cells use DNA and RNA to code heritable information. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that are ______ share extensive structural and chemical similarities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologous genes that control timing and growth in Enbryos. |
|
|
Term
| The Grants tested what process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nature selects traits that are best suited for an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nature selects traits that are best suited for an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. |
|
|
Term
| What hypotheses did the Grants test? |
|
Definition
| Differences in beak size and shape produce differences in fitness. |
|
|
Term
| The data that the Grants collected proved that there is great variation of heritable traits among Galapagos finches. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What five facts provide evidence for evolution |
|
Definition
*Geographic Distribution
*Fossil Record
*Similarities anatomically
*Universal Genetic Code
*Homologous proteins and genes
*Experiments recreate natural selection in nature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are traits controlled by? |
|
Definition
| They are controlled by genes. Many genes have at least two forms (alleles). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural selection acts on genotype. True or False? |
|
Definition
| False. It acts on phenotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The combination of different alleles in an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur. |
|
|
Term
| Explain evolution in genetic terms. |
|
Definition
| In genetic terms evolution is any change in the allele frequency in a population. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main sources of genetic variation? |
|
Definition
Mutations
Genetic Recombination
Lateral Gene transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When members of a population share a common group of genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any change in a sequence of DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of most heritable differences? |
|
Definition
Genetic recombination during sexual reproduction. This occurs during meiosis when each chromosome in a par moves independently. Genetic recombination also occurs during
crossing-over in meiosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The passing of genes from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A trait controlled by one gene. (Ex. The presence or absence of dark bands on snail shells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A trait controlled by two or more genes an each gene often has two or more alleles. (ex. Human height) |
|
|
Term
| What does a gene pool consist of? |
|
Definition
| All the genes including the alleles for each gene that are present in a population. |
|
|
Term
| How might a geneticist be able to tell that a population is evolving |
|
Definition
| The frequency of alleles will change. |
|
|
Term
| How does sexual reproduction affect a population's genetic variation? |
|
Definition
| Each chromosome in a pair can produce 8.4 million gene combinations during meiosis. |
|
|
Term
| What are two ways in which genes can be recombined during meiosis? |
|
Definition
Crossing-Over
Independent Assortment |
|
|
Term
| True or False? The number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on how many genes control the trait. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When individuals at one end of the bell curve have higher fitness than those near the middle or at the other end of the curve (Ex. when large seeds are plentiful, large-beaked birds in a population may be selected.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When individuals near the middle of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A change in allele frequency that may occur when a few individuals from a population migrate to and colonize a new habitat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When alleles in small populations can become more or less common simply by chance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A change in allele frequency that may occur when a few individuals from a population migrate to and colonize a new habitat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When allele frequencies in a population do not change. No evolution is taking place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) States that allele frequencies in a population should remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change.
2) Populations are rarely in genetic equilibrium. Most of the time evolution is occurring. |
|
|
Term
| Under the Hardy Weinberg Principle what factors cause allele frequencies to change? |
|
Definition
Non-random mating
Small population size
Immigration or emigration
Mutations
Natural Selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which an individual chooses its mate based on heritable traits such as size or strength. A common practice for most organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What effect does stabilizing selection have on variation in a population? |
|
Definition
| It reduces variability and narrows the bell curve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of new species. For one species to evolve into two new species, the gene pools of two populations must become separated or reproductively isolated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When members of two populations do not interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Reproductive isolation can develop through behavioral geographic or temporal isolation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When populations have different courtship rituals or other behaviors involved in reproduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When populations are separated by geographic barriers such as mountains or rivers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when populations reproduce at different times. |
|
|
Term
| Peter and Rosemary Grant spent years on the Galapagos Islands studying changes in _______ populations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ancestors of the Galpagos Island Finches originally game from which continent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does Reproductive Isolation occur? |
|
Definition
| Reproductive isolation can develop through behavioral geographic or temporal isolation. |
|
|
Term
| The grants work shows that variation within a species ______ the likelihood that the species can adapt and survive environmental change. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many of the recorded anatomical characteristics appeared in ___ shaped distributions typical of ______ traits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the Grants document? |
|
Definition
| Directional selection in nature. Their data shows that competition and climate change drive natural selection. |
|
|
Term
| Variation increases what? |
|
Definition
| The likelihood that species can adapt and survive environmental change. |
|
|
Term
| According to the Hardy Weinberg principle what five conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium? |
|
Definition
1) The population must be very large
2) There can be no mutations
3) There must be random mating
4) There can be no movement into or out of the population and
5) No natural selection. |
|
|
Term
| Is mating random in natural populations? |
|
Definition
| NO. Non-Random mating means that alleles for those traits are under selection pressure. |
|
|
Term
| How are new alleles introduced into the gene pool. |
|
Definition
| An individual joins the population. |
|
|
Term
| True or False? Individuals who leave add alleles to the gene pool. |
|
Definition
| False. Those who leave remove alleles from the gene pool. |
|
|
Term
| Relative Frequency of an Allele |
|
Definition
| The number of times a particular allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur. |
|
|
Term
| When are mutations significant to evolution? |
|
Definition
| When mutations are passed from generation to generation. |
|
|
