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| Primordial soup hypothesis |
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| UV or lightning in a reducing (low O2) atmosphere created prebiotic molecules |
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| Meteors brought extraterrestrial amino acids |
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| Enzymes that can catalyze their own replication |
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| footprints, body imprints, burrows, nests, etc. |
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| Remnants of chemicals that were formed by organisms (controversial evidence) |
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| Chemical substitution of hard parts by soluble materials by surrounding stone. |
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| 1. Bury in sediment, 2. Compact, 3. Wait |
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| A period of geological time determined by strongly differentiated characteristic fossil taxa. |
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| 4.6 bya - 543 mya. 1st organic molecules, cells, euks. Photosynthesis creates oxidizing atmosphere and allows for aerobic molecules, and multicellularity. |
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| 543 mya-251 mya. Began with "cambrian explosion" and almost all members of animal phyla arise during this era. |
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| 251mya - 65 mya. "Age of reptiles" dinosaurs, first mammals and flowering plants flourish. ends with mass extinction (climate change from meteor) |
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| 65 mya - present. "Age of Mammals" Diversification of mammals and pollinating insects |
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| rate of change is almost constant, new species arise by gradual transformation. |
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| rate of chane occurs in bursts during speciation events, but is otherwise relatively stagnant. |
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| rate of evolution equation |
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| (ln x2 - ln x1)/(t2-t1) in darwins, where time is in millions of years. |
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| unit of measurement of evolutionary change as a factor of e per million years. |
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