Term
| __________ traits mask __________ ones when both are present in the same individual. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are information units in chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the site of a gene in a chromosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are different forms of a gene; same loci on homologous chromosomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is when genes have a pair of alleles on homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are two identical alleles |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are two different alleles |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is when both members of the homologous pair has the dominant allele at the locus in question. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is when one member of the homologous pair has the dominant allele and the other has the recessive allele |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is when both members of the homologous pairs have the recessive allele at the locus in question. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the study of genetic variability within a population and the evolutionary forces that act on it. |
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Definition
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Term
| In any population, the __________ __________ includes all alleles for all loci present in the population. |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic variation evident among individuals in any given population suggests that each individual has a different subset of __________ in the gene pool. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Every __________ has a gene pool. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the proportion of a particular genotype in the population. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the proportion of a particular phenotype in the population. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the proportion of a specific allele in a particular population. |
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Definition
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Term
| A population whose allele and genotype frequencies do not change from generation to generation is said to be in __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________-__________ principle states that allele frequencies don't change form generation to generation unless influenced by outside factors. |
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Definition
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Term
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
-__________ = frequency of dominant allele (A)
-__________ = frequency of recessive allele (a)
-__________ + __________ = 1
-__________ = frequency of AA
-__________ = frequency of Aa
__________ = frequency of aa |
|
Definition
1) p
2) q
3) p + q
4) p^2
5) 2pq
6) q^2 |
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|
Term
| What are the five conditions necessary for genetic equilibrium? |
|
Definition
1) Random mating
2) No net mutations
3) Large population sizes
4) No migration
5) No natural selection |
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Term
| __________ __________ is necessary for genetic equilibrium in which each individual in a population has an equal change of mating with any individual of the opposite sex. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ are necessary for genetic equilibrium so nothing spontaneous that can convert A into a or vice-versa (frequencies can't change). |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ __________ __________ is necessary for genetic equilibrium so that allele frequencies don't change with small fluctuations. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is necessary for genetic equilibrium in which there is no exchange of alleles with another population that has a different allele frequency. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ is necessary for genetic equilibrium in which if it does occur, certain phenotypes and their genotypes would be favored over others (causing allele frequencies to change). |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the five causes of microevolution? |
|
Definition
1) Mutation
2) Migration
3) Small populations
4) Non-random mating
5) Natural selection |
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|
Term
| __________ is a departure from the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is generation to generation changes in allele frequencies within a population. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ is the mating of genetically similar individuals that are more closely related than if they'd been chosen randomly from the entire population. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Inbreeding depression does not change __________ frequency, but changes the amount of __________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In some populations, __________ __________ occurs in which inbred organisms are less fit (less survival) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is when organisms select mates on the basis of phenotype. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ assortative mating is when organisms preferentially mate with those of similar phenotypes. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ assortative mating is when "opposites attract." |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Assortative mating will lead to a change in the __________ frequencies at a loci of choice. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ are a change in nucleotide base pairs, a rearrangement of genes within chromosomes, or a change in chromosome structure. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ are errors in DNA replication. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Unless a mutation occurs in a __________ cell, it won't be passed on. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ do not determine the direction of evolutionary change. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In small breeding populations, random evolutionary changes are called __________ __________ (which __________ genetic variation). |
|
Definition
1) Genetic drift
2) Decrease |
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|
Term
| A __________ is a food depletion or disease which leads to a fast decrease in population size so genetic drift occurs in the survivors, altering allele frequencies. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is when a few individuals from a population leave and find their own colony, only bringing with them a few of the alleles. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is caused by migration of breeding individuals between populations (taking alleles with them). |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ reduces the amount of variation in recipient population; makes populations more genetically similar, when enough gene flow occurs between them. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ counteracts natural selection and genetic drift. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ change allele frequencies in a way that increases adaptation. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is when individuals that are more successfully adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ increase the proportion of favorable alleles over time and leads to adaptive evolutionary change. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A character that is under __________ control exhibits a normal distribution of phenotypes in the absence of selection. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| As a result of __________ selection, which trims off extreme phenotypes, variation about the mean is reduced. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ selection shifts the curve in one direction changing the average value of the character. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ selection, which trims off intermediate phenotypes, results in two or more peaks. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is when two or more alleles are present for a given locus. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is a special type of genetic polymorphism where two or more alleles persist in a population over many generations as a result of natural selection. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ occurs when the heterozygote exhibits greater fitness than either homozygote. |
|
Definition
| 1) Heterozygous advantage |
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|
Term
| __________ __________ __________ is when a genotype's selective value varies with its frequency of occurrence. |
|
Definition
| 1) Frequency dependent selection |
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is genetic variation that confers no detectable selective advantage. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is genetic variation that exists among different populations within the same species. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ is a gradual change in a species phenotype and genotype frequencies through a series of geographically separate populations. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Evolution is said to occur in a population whose allele and genotype frequencies are not changing from one generation to another: TRUE or FALSE |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which evolution (micro/macro) involves small, gradual genetic changes within a population. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in a particular area or place at a specific time refers to what biological level of organization:
a. Community
b. Family
c. Population
d. Species |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The relationship of genome to organism is the same as __________ to population.
a. Gene
b. Gene pool
c. Mutation
d. Species |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Processes that cause deviations from the Hardy Weinberg equation are the main reasons why microevolution happens: TRUE or FALSE |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The ultimate source of all genetic variations is:
a. Environment
b. Sexual recombination
c. Mutation
d. Genetic drift |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations is known as:
a. Allele frequency displacement
b. Genetic drift
c. Differential genetic shift
d. Genetic bottleneck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mating in which organisms choose on the basis of phenotype is:
a. Assortative mating
b. Inbreeding
c. Outbreeding |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ fitness increases with the number of matings. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In __________ __________ the female is the limiting factor and is not passive and chooses a mate. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In __________ __________ the males compete to drive away or kill their rivals; females are usually passive. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Benefits of Female Choice:
__________ benefits - male more fits, so offspring more fit.
__________ benefits - male providers resource that enhance survival or fecundity. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ is the idea that genes enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism; these features also benefit females. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Differences in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of a species are referred to as __________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the evolution of monogamous mating systems there is (more/less) sexual selection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In __________ __________, males often compete for breeding locations, access to females, etc. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are six male strategies used to compete with other males and combat female choice? |
|
Definition
1) Infanticide
2) Copulatory plugs
3) Coercion
4) Mate guarding
5) Prolonged copulation
6) Sperm competition |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a male strategy in which males kill a young after taking over a pride to bring females into sexual receptivity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is a male strategy in which the female genitalia is obstructed after mating. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is homo or heterosexual rape in which males insert copulatory plug to render their competitors sterile. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is when males guard females during their fertile period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is a form of mate guarding or living copulatory plug. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ is the removal or dilution of competitor's sperm. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________ is important is it has evolutionary rewards and increases fitness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of polygyny? |
|
Definition
1) Female defense
2) Resource defense
3) Lek |
|
|
Term
| What polygyny occurs when there is an assembly area present without resources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polygyny occurs when males display and females choose? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What polygyny occurs when resources and females are widely distributed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polygyny occurs when females forage cooperatively? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polygyny occurs when resources are plentiful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polygyny occurs when males fight to control the female group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polygyny occurs when females tend to be solitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polygyny occurs when males establish territory containing resources essential to females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polygyny occurs when males fight over territories and therefore access to females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What polygyny occurs as a benefit to females, in which they have access to resources and high quality males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male fitness increases with the number of matings: TRUE or FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Females tend to be solitary, males establish territory containing resources essential to females:
a. Lek polygyny
b. Resource defense polygyny
c. Resource defense polygyny |
|
Definition
| 1) b. Resource defense polygyny |
|
|
Term
Female genitalia obstructed after mating:
a. Copulatory plug
b. Coercion
c. Infanticide
d. Sperm competition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Peacock and its elaborated colorful feathers is an example of:
a. Genetic bottleneck
b. Sexual dimorphism
c. Reproductive isolation
d. Founder effect |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The __________ __________ __________ states that a species is one or more populations where members interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring, do not interbreed with different species, gene pool that is separate from that of other species, reproductive barriers restrict individuals of one species interbreeding or exchanging genes with members of other species. |
|
Definition
| 1) Biological species concept |
|
|
Term
| What are two limitations of the biological species concept? |
|
Definition
1) Doesn't include asexually reproducing species
2) Individuals assigned to different species may occasionally successfully interbreed but are sterile |
|
|
Term
| What prevents two species from producing fertile hybrids? |
|
Definition
| 1) Reproductive isolation |
|
|
Term
| What are five prezygotic barriers? |
|
Definition
1) Temporal isolation
2) Habitat isolation
3) Behavioral isolation
4) Mechanical isolation
5) Gametic isolation |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of postzygotic barriers? |
|
Definition
1) Hybrid inviability
2) Hybrid sterility
3) Hybrid breakdown |
|
|
Term
| __________ is the evolution of a new species from an ancestral population. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In __________ speciation, populations diverge into different species due to geographic isolation, or physical separation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ speciation is more likely to occur if the original isolated population is small. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ speciation does not require geographic isolation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ speciation occurs when divergent selection causes preferred mating with genetically similar individuals but not with the parent population, hence reproductively isolating one part of the population from another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ speciation is more common in plants than animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the instantaneous speciation via a spontaneous increase in chromosome number. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is an evolution of species produced in spurts. |
|
Definition
| 1) Punctuated equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is short periods of active speciation are interspersed with long periods of stasis. |
|
Definition
| 1) Punctuated equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| __________ is when populations slowly diverge from one another by the accumulation of adaptive characteristics within a population. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ __________ __________ __________ is when species remain unchanged for long periods, after which they change abruptly in response to sudden changes in the environment. |
|
Definition
| 1) Punctuated equilibrium |
|
|
Term
The __________ __________ __________ __________ seeks to explain:
-Discontinuity in fossil record
-Rate of evolutionary change |
|
Definition
| 1) Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| What are the two primary objectives of the theory of punctuated equilibrium? |
|
Definition
1) Explain the discontinuity of the fossil record
2) Explain the rate of evolutionary change |
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|
Term
| __________ is the normal condition of populations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is large-scale phenotypic changes in populations that are so great that the new species possessing them are assigned to different genera or higher taxonomic categories. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ includes evolutionary novelties due to changes during development, slight changes in organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are pre-existing structures that originally fulfilled one role and then changed and adapted to another. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are the varied rates of growth of different parts of the body, resulting in overall changes in the shape of the organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult which occurs because of changes in the timing of development; probably the result of mutations in genes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is the diversification of many related species from one or a few ancestral species in a relatively short period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are new ecological opportunities that were not exploited by an ancestral organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the death of a species or lineage in which it never reappears. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is a continuous low level extinction of species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is the extinction of numerous species and higher taxonomic groups. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an example of a post zygotic reproductive barrier? |
|
Definition
| 1) d. Hybrid offspring of two species jimsonweeds always die before reproducing. |
|
|
Term
Selection that may favor certain phenotypes at one end of the normal distribution?
a. Directional selection
b. Disruptive selection
c. Stabilizing selection
d. Preferred selection |
|
Definition
| 1) a. Directional selection |
|
|
Term
Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. This is referred to as:
a. Temporal isolation
b. Ecological isolation
c. Mechanical isolation
d. Hybrid breakdown
e. Gametic isolation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three species of frogs - Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica all mate in the same ponds but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of __________ barrier and is called __________.
a. Prezygotic, gametic isolation
b. Postzygotic, hybrid breakdown
c. Prezygotic, temporal isolation
d. Postzygotic, behavioral isolation
e. Prezygotic, behavioral isolation |
|
Definition
| 1) e. Prezygotic, behavioral isolation |
|
|
Term
Natural selection is sometimes described as survival of the fittest. Which of the following most accurately measures an organism's fitness?
a. It's mutation rate
b. It's ability to withstand environmental extremes
c. How strong it is when pitted against others of its species
d. How much food it is able to make or obtain
e. How many fertile offspring it produces |
|
Definition
| 1) e. How many fertile offspring it produces |
|
|
Term
Extreme changes in the environment may favor two or more different phenotypes at the expense of the mean:
a. Stabilizing selection
b. Disruptive selection
c. Directional selection
d. Bad selection |
|
Definition
| 1) b. Disruptive selection |
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