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| genetic change in a population where the result of natural selection gets improved in a function or get better suited to the environment. It becomes prevalent because of selective advantages. |
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| descent with modification |
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| The descent with modification definition is the passing on of the genetic code from parent to offspring with changes that are in turn hereditary. |
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| The three mechanisms that can change the genetic code of a population are |
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| mutation, migration and genetic drift |
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| random changes in the frequency of 2 or more alleles or genotypes in a population |
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| evolutionary divergence of members of a single phylogenetic lineage into a viriety of different adaptive forms. It is a pattern of rapid diversification without assuming the differences are adaptive. |
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| one of several forms of the same gene. Usually recognized by their phenotypic effects. DNA sequence varieants may differ at several or many sites and then are usually called haplotypes. |
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| of a population or species, occupying a geographic region different and separate from another population or species |
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| like limbs that are used for diffent functions but have the same sequences and arrangement of bones like bat wings and dolphin |
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| Groups of related organisms share suites of similar characteristics and the number of shared traits increases with relatedness. |
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| On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
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| extablish the framework of modern taxonomy in Systema Naturae. Introduced binomial nomenmclature |
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Was Lamarch theory linear or branched?
What did he think about Giraffes necks |
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| linear .. he thought they wanted longer necks and got them and the long necks we passed on to the next generation. spontaneous generation. |
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| evolution of a substantial phenotypic change usually great enough to place the changed lineage and its descendants in a distinct genus or higher taxon |
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| slight, short-term evolutionary changes within species |
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| grouped into categories where individual species are listed ..The broadest classifications are by domain and kingdom; the most specific classification is by genus and species. The hierarchical groupings in between include phylum, class, family, and order. |
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| a diagram representing the evolutioary relationship among named groups of organisms. |
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| the history of descent of a group of taxa such as species from their common ancestors |
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| uniquely derived characters |
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| the principle that the simplest explanation is preferred |
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| a formerly functional gene that has lost its function and may not be transcribed but that accumulates mutations that have no effect on the organism. |
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| Different characters commonly evolve at different rates . |
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| Evolutionary divergence of members of a single phylogenetic lineage into a variety of different adaptive forms; usually the taxa differ in the use of resources or habitats, and have diverged over a relatively short interval of geological time. |
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| Evolutionary change of a feature within a lineage over an arbitrary period of time. |
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| One of the variant conditions of a character (e.g., yellow versus brown as the state of the character “color of snail shell”). |
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a set of species that have a common ancestor.
Branching of lineages during phylogeny. |
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| convergent evolution (convergence) |
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| similar features but from different lineages like a fish tail vs a whales tail |
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| accumulation of differences between closely related species populations, leading to speciation. like bird beaks .. |
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| different lineages in a similar environment that adapt with similar traits like many kinds of birds that get long thin beaks that can get nectar |
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| descended from a common ancestor |
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| do not share a common ancestor |
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| embryos show more relatedness than adults ...like gill slits |
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| until a few decades ago classification used characters and embryonic development to classify Used morphological characteristics |
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| distinct units that have distinct genetic specificaiotn .. the evolution of distinct form and identity of each of several structures that were not differentiated from one another in an ancestor; repeating patterns individualize; ex: different types of teeth in humans |
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| ndividualization, heterochrony, allometry, heterotopy, and increases or decreases in complexity |
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| What five aspects describe how development underlies some common patterns of morphological evolution? |
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| A nucleotide triplet that encodes an amino acid or acts as a “stop” signal in translation. |
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| n effect of the interaction between two or more gene loci on the phenotype or fitness whereby their joint effect differs from the sum of the loci taken separately |
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| That part of a gene that is translated into a polypeptide (protein). Cf. intron. |
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| A part of a gene that is not translated into a polypeptide. |
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| nonsynonymous substitution |
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| A base pair substitution in DNA that results in an amino acid substitution in the protein product; also called replacement substitution |
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Term 21 of 26
A phenotypic effect of a gene on more than one character. |
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| A mutation that maps to a specific gene locus; in a molecular context, usually a change of a single base pair. genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a sequence |
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| single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) |
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| Variation in the identity of a nucleotide base pair at a single position in a DNA sequence, within or among populations of a species |
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Term 25 of 26
Fixation of a base pair change that does not alter the amino acid in the protein product of a gene; also called silent substitution |
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| Correlated differences among genotypes in two or more phenotypic characters, due to pleiotropy or linkage disequilibrium. |
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| only from this record is an absolute time scale for evolutionary events and evidence of environmental conditions phenotypic transformations biological diversity |
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| absolute ages of geological events can be determined by radiometric dating |
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| the fossil records for most lineages are very incomplete, true or false. |
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| the pattern of stasis with rapid shifts to new phenotypes and tothe hypothesis that most changes in morphology occur in association with the evolution of new species (splitting of lineages) |
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| the Precambrian, Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, and Cenozoic Era |
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| Geographical time of earth's 4.5 billion-year history. The time scale is divided into four large periods of time |
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