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| three parts of evolutionary pattern |
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Definition
| extinction, speciation, rate and pattern |
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| mutation, genetic drift, natural selection |
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| when hypotheses are generated... |
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| predictions are derived from the hypotheses, the hypotheses are tested, those that are disproved are discarded |
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| Earth is the center of the Universe |
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| The universe is made up of Solar system in which planets orbit the stars (suns) |
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| Theory of Universal Gravitation |
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| one of the final steps in figuring out the orbits... |
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| Theory of General Relativity |
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| Albert Einstein, final piece in universal puzzle (so far), time and space |
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| species, once present, do not change over time |
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| type specimen in a taxonomy... in 2 world system variation considered simply imperfection |
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| Artistotle, greater organization |
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| No evolution theory based on Judeo-Christian culture |
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| species created by God at one time and never change |
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| binomial nomenclature, natural theologian |
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| Georges Cuvier, no evolution, extinctions followed by replacement of species from other regions. Species too complicated to evolve |
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| first scientist to champion evolution, got lots of evidence, recognized organisms could adapt to the environment |
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| what did Lamarck get wrong? |
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Definition
| patterns and mechanisms of evolution |
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| what did Lamarck believe in? |
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Definition
| spontaneous generation, goal-directed, inheritance of aquired characteristics, use or disuse |
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| life created from inanimate matter |
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| adaptation: caused by natural selection |
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| how did Lyell influence Darwin? |
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Definition
| Darwin took his geology book on the Beagle |
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| the process by which populations become adapted to their environments |
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| came up with natural selection independently of Darwin |
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| darwin's view of evolution |
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Definition
| origin of life, anagenesis, cladogenesis |
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| biological species concept |
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| members of a species are only capable of interbreeding with the same species |
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| split -> come bac -> sharing of genes -> new speciation |
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Definition
| the fossil record, homology, phylogeny, direct observation |
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| what is the fossil record not good for? |
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Definition
| evolutionary transitions and mechanisms |
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| fossil species found in a given area are succeeded by others similar to them |
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| descent with modification |
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Definition
| where/ when the fossil record is good we should sometimes find clear transitional fossils |
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| similarity of features due to common descent (Darwin's descent with modification) |
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| similarity of features due to convergence (similar features caused by adaptation to common selective regimes) |
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| Convergence can also be called |
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Term
| bird and bat limbs are what when compared to a fish fin from which they were derived? |
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Definition
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| bird and bat wings are what because they evolved independently? |
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| where did jaws come from? |
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| stickleback pelvic girdle, mouse, and humans |
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Term
| phylogenetic reconstruction |
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Definition
| to understand patterns of evolutionary change |
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| examples of direct observation |
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Definition
| TB, stickleback armor, resistance |
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Definition
| modification to eat a certain kind of food |
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| scientific name for stickleback |
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Definition
| Gasterosteus aculeatus L. |
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Term
| sexual dimorphism in stickleback |
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Definition
| males assume bright nuptial coloration while females remain drab during reproduction |
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Definition
| diversification of population or species |
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| diversification partly caused by natural selection adjusting populations to new environments |
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Term
| Oceanic Stickleback are... |
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Definition
| Geographically uniform today, always fully armored |
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Term
| why are Oceanic Stickleback so uniform? |
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Definition
| huge population size, not lots of genetic change, stable environment |
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| slender, mouth and eyes positioned for feeding on plankton, closely spaced gill rakers |
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| deeper-bodied, mouth large for feeding on benthic invertebrates, short, stubby, widely-spaced rakers |
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Term
| Parallel Ecotypic Variation |
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Definition
| populations in similar habitats, phenotypes genetically based, genetically-differentiate ecotypes have evolved repeatedly and independently in parallel |
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| similar phenotypes that have evolved repeatedly and independently in similar habitats, benthic is an example |
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| where do limnetic stickleback live? |
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Definition
| deep, oligotrophic lakes with littoral zone |
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| where do benthic stickleback live? |
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Definition
| shallow, more eutrophic lakes with more littoral zone |
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Definition
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| depth to which sufficient light penetrates for net energy gain in photosynthesis |
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Definition
| area of lake in which euphotic zone reaches the substratum |
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Term
| kinds of stickleback armor |
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Definition
| spine length, lateral plates, pelvic girdle |
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Term
| possible reasons for lateral plate loss |
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Definition
| less predators, low calcium |
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Term
| reduced pelvic expression tends to be greater on the |
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Definition
| left side, Pitx-1 gene trying to fix the problem when spines are absent |
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Term
| pelvic girdle and lateral plates are controlled by how many alleles? |
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Definition
| 2 for each gene, so hybrids -> 1:3:3:9 |
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| Stickleback have a rapid evolution of what traits? |
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Definition
| armor and life history features |
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Definition
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Definition
| change i gene (specifically allele) frequency between generations in a population |
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| change i gene frequency between generations in a population |
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| requirements for evolution |
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Definition
| variation, variation heritable, some variants reproduce more successfully than others |
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| phenotype depends on what between alleles? |
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Definition
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| place on a chromosome where the nucleotide sequence is found that codes for a particular phenotype |
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| one of many possible nucleotide sequences at a specific locus in a population |
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| there is no change in allele frequencies between generations |
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