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| thought that nothing has, or ever will, change; Ancient Greece |
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| species go from simple to more complex forms |
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| helped write the original paper on natural selection; went on the HMS Beagle to the Galapagos Islands as the ship's naturalist. He observed finches that were similar to, but had distinct differences from, the mainland finch. These differences seemed to be adaptations that helped the finch in each different environment on the islands. |
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| published his book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" |
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| geologist on history of the earth; used gradualism to describe geological changes in the world |
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| zoologist who founded paleontology |
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| members of a population have heritable variation |
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| population produces more offspring than the resources of an environment can support |
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| the individuals who have favorable traits survive & reproduce to a greater extent than those who lack these traits |
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| across generations, a larger proportion of the population possesses the favorable traits and the population becomes adapted to the environment |
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| any characteristic that makes an organism more suited to its environment |
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| biological evidence (of evolution) |
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| the study of the distributions of life on Earth |
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| anatomical evidence (of evolution) |
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| compare three biological structures (homologous, analogous, vestigial) |
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| molecular evidence (of evolution) |
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| looking at how organisms are related by a common ancestor at some point in the past |
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| small measurable evolutionary changes within a population from generation to generation (there are 5) |
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any change in the genetic sequence of an organism (DNA alteration)
the only way new characteristics are introduced |
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| movement of genetic material between populations that don't interact often (polar & grizzly bears) |
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| nonrandom mating (cause 3) |
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| any mating that isn't random (3 of them) |
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| Assortive Mating (nonrandom 1) |
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| organisms tend to mate with other organisms that look similar (dogs - a lab breeds with a lab) |
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| very close organisms breed with one another - possibly because of a low population (FL panther) |
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| sexual selection (nonrandom 3) |
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| specific traits are sought in a mate (peacock tails/lion manes) |
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| changes simply due to chance; random; genetic material simply isn't passed on to the next generation (2 of them) |
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| bottleneck effect (genetic drift 1) |
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| a disastrous event causes only a small amount of the population to survive (cheetahs) |
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| founder effect (genetic drift 2) |
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| when a very small portion of the population migrates to a new area |
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| natural selection (cause 5) |
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| Primary Mechanism of of micro evolution (there are 3 directions it can go into) |
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| directional selection (natural selection 1) |
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| occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction (horse size - bigger=better, so the whole curve is pushed to right) |
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| disruptive selection (natural selection 2) |
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| where two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotype (snail shell patterns - distribution curve becomes two small pointy curves with middle empty) |
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| Stabilizing selection (natural selection 3) |
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| occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored (how many eggs a bird lays - middle is favored so the curve gets pointier) |
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| large changes over a very long period of time |
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| splitting of one species into two or more species |
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| biological species concept |
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| if two organisms can breed with each other and produce a viable organism, then they are the same species; based on reproductive isolation |
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| prezygotic isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
| isolation before the zygote is formed (there are 5) |
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| habitat isolation (pre 1) |
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| species in same locale occupy diff. habitats; the diff. habitats reduce likelihood that the two species will meet & try to reproduce |
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| temporal isolation (pre 2) |
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| 2 species live in same locale but they reproduce at diff. times of the year (plants) |
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| behavioral isolation (pre 3) |
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| courtship patterns between species are different so the two won't try to mate |
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| mechanical isolation (pre 4) |
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| genitalia is unsuitable between species |
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| gametic isolation (pre 5) |
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| sperm can't reach/fertilize the egg |
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| postzygotic isolating mechanisms |
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| isolation after the zygote is formed (there are 3) |
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| Zygote mortality (post 1) |
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| fertilization occurs, but the zygote doesn't survive |
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| hybrid sterility (post 2) |
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| hybrid survives, but is sterile (mules) |
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| hybrid reproduces, but the offspring is sterile |
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| original species migrates/the environment changes & a physical barrier splits the population into two; each pop. develops differently and can become essentially a diff. species from each other/their shared ancestors; ANIMALS! |
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| genetic cause separates the population into the larger pop. & a small pocket pop. of the new species; PLANTS! |
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| how fast/slow speciation occurs |
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| slow change over very long periods of time |
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| punctuated equilibrium (pace 2) |
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| long periods of time where there isn't much change, then a sudden change |
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| point in history where many species go extinct at the same time/similar time (DINOSAURS!) |
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| many species evolving within a similar amount of time/short amount of time (Darwin's finches) |
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| branch of bio. concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying organisms (DKPCOFGS) |
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Eukaryotes (multi-celled organisms)
Bacteria
Archaea (extreme environment bacteria) |
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