Term
|
Definition
| Genetic change over time. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 different forms of the same gene. (A,a) |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic profile. (AA, Aa, or aa) |
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Term
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Definition
| Genotype + Environment. Can be physical or metabolic characteristics. The way genes are expressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Person with potential in their genotype, but no expression in phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic material. Codes for amino acids, proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete collection of an organism's genetic information as linked genes in one or more long strands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coding region in DNA which has information for building protein. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Each new DNA copy has 1 strand of the parent DNA and one copy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductive cells. (sperm, egg) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized structure of DNA and protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA and the proteins it is wrapped and packed around. |
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Term
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Definition
| Duplicated chromosomes, having identical genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connection between sister chromatids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two chromatids which are the same type but not genetically identical. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| All chromosomes other than X and Y |
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Term
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Definition
| Picture of an individual's chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1st phase of cell division: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears, early mitotic spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd phase of cell division: Microtubules attach to centromeres, chromosomes align on equatorial plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd phase of cell division: Sister chromatids separate, centromeres divide, pulled to polar sides of spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4th phase of cell division: Spindle apparatus disappears, nuclear envelopes form, chromatin expands, cleavage furrow divides cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having multiple sets of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two daughter cells completely separate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell division in somatic cells for the purposes of growth or cell replacement, resulting in 2 daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell division (twice) in gametes for the purpose of sexual reproduction, resulting in 4 unique sperm or eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar anatomical structures in different adult organisms, modified over time from previously inherited structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomical homologies in different species' embryos, not visible in adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common structures NOT from recent common ancestor. (Ex. flight developed in birds and bats) |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution of analogous features in distantly related groups; independent adaption in similar environments. Note: does not evidence common ancestry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Divergence from 1 original group based on differing environments. (Ex. Darwin's finches) |
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Term
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Definition
| Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Land mass when all the continents were connected. |
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Term
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Definition
| English naturalist. Wrote The Origin of Species on his theory of descent with modification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary history of taxonomic groups. Branches of the "Tree of Life." |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of changing characteristics of animals by artificial means. (Ex. humans breeding for speed in horses, milk production in cows, optimal size in plants.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The key mechanism of evolution: adaption to environment. The process by which organisms having traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than others of their kind, thus ensuring the perpetuation of those favorable traits in succeeding generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ultimate source of new genetic variation: change in sequence of one or more nucleotides in DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distribution of already existing genetic variations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences between gene pools of separate populations or population subgroups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more clearly different phenotypes existing in the same population of a species resulting from the same common gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single nucleotide change. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleotide change that does NOT change amino acid sequence. (3rd position) |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleotide change that does change amino acid structure, potentially totally degrading protein production. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA which does not code for protein, mutations here are often harmless. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA which contains genes that code for proteins, mutations here are usually harmful. |
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Term
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Definition
| All alleles for all loci in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific location of gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Frequency of different alleles at each locus (different genotypes). |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| A theoretical situation in which allele frequency does not change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Localized group of individuals capable interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| All alleles for all loci in a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The frequency of different alleles at each locus and the frequency of different genotypes. |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| A situation where allele frequency does not change over time. |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinburg Assumptions |
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Definition
1. Mutation is not occuring
2. Natural selection is not occuring
3. The population is infinitely large
4. All members of the population breed
5. All mating is totally random
6. Everyone produces the same number of offspring
7. There is no migration in or out of the population |
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Term
|
Definition
p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1 |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetic alteration in the intergenerational frequency of alleles in a population, determined by migration, mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explanation for how allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next. (In smaller populations tends to reduce variation.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The new genetic structure of a population when a few individuals become isolated from the original larger population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden reduction in a population size due to a change in the environment, with the genetic structure of the remaining population usually differing from the original. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of alleles among populations through fertile individuals or gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Favors individuals at the center of the phenotypic range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection which acts on characters that determine reproductive success. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marked differences between the sexes in secondary characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| If a trait is related to male health, both male traits and female preference should be selected for. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection which maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population. |
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Term
| Frequency Dependent Selection |
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Definition
| Fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic variation that appears to confer no selective advantage or disadvantage. |
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Term
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Definition
| The classification of organisms and determination of their evolutionary relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ordered divisions and naming of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The two part scientific name of an Species (genus + epithet). |
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Term
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Definition
| A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy. (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Family, Genus, Species) |
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Term
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Definition
| A group which consists a species and all its descendants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group whose members' last common ancestor is not a member of the group. (Ex. Warmblooded animals contain Mammals and Birds, but not their earliest common ancestor.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A group which consists of all the descendants of the last common ancestor of the group's members minus a small number of monophyletic groups of descendants, typically just one or two such groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reproductive contribution of a phenotype to subsequent generations relative to that of other phenotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| For an adaptation to evolve, the fitness benefits it confers must exceed the fitness costs it imposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that the tree that requires fewest evolutionary events is most likely. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree con be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes in different species that originated by vertical descent from a single gene of the last common ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes in an organism that resulted from the duplication of one original gene that then occupy two different positions in the same genome. |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
| Populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring are of the same species. (Only sexual reproduction) |
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Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
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Definition
| Organisms that appear identical belong to the same species. (Sexual and asexual reproduction) |
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Term
| Phylogenetic Species Concept |
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Definition
| The smallest monophyletic group in a phylogenetic tree that compares populations is a species as opposed larger groups such as "pine trees" or "mammals." (Sexual and asexual reproduction) |
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Term
| Ecological Species Concept |
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Definition
| A species is determined based on the organism's ecological niche, emphasis on disruptive selection. (Sexual and asexual reproduction) |
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Term
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Definition
| The origin of a new species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary change above the species level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological factors (barriers) that impede two species form producing viable or fertile offspring. |
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Term
| Pre-Zygotic Reproductive Isolation |
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Definition
Geographic
Ecological
Behavioral
Temporal
Mechanical
Prevention of Gamete Fusion |
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Term
| Post-Zygotic Reproductive Isolation |
|
Definition
Improper Development
Hybrid Survival
Hybrid Sterility |
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Term
|
Definition
| The offspring of two different species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant — isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. |
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Term
| Shared attributes of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
|
Definition
- glycolysis
- DNA -> proteins
- semiconservative replication
- plasma membranes and ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
- lack cytoskeleton
- binary fission
- plasmids
- no membrane-enclosed organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Cocci, bacilli, triangular, square |
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Term
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Definition
| Associations of prokaryotes in the form of chains |
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Term
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Definition
| Dense microbial communities which are difficult to kill. (Ex. Dental plaque, Stromatalites) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny chip which monitors biofilm development. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cross-linked polymer of amino sugars which forms a mesh-like structure around bacterial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test which separates bacteria into two groups, Gram positive or negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blue to purple indicator. Thick peptidoglycan important for digestion, detection, and transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pink to red indicator. Thin peptidoglycan and second outer membrane. Periplasmic space is important for digestion, detection, and transport. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Helical, gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria which use a corkscrew motion by axial filaments. (Parasitic or free-living.) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Used by aquatic prokaryotes including cyanobacteria for motion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slender filaments that extend singly or in tufts from one or both ends of the cell or are distributed around it that are used for locomotion. Propeller-like motion. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes. No genetic variation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical signals which bacteria use to determine the density of their population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The emission of light, but not heat. Usually only employed when a quorum is sensed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotes who use only anaerobic metabolism to which oxygen is poisonous . |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotes who can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotes who only use anaerobic metabolism to which oxygen is non-poisonous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokaryotes who use only aerobic metabolism and cannot survive without oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms which perform photosynthesis; Light and CO2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms which gain energy from light but use organic compounds as carbon source. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms which oxidize inorganic substances. (Many archaea). |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms which obtain energy through complex organic compounds that have been synthesized by other organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that release nitrogen to the atmosphere as N2 gas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria which convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia, usable to themselves and other organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms which oxidize nitrogen to nitrates in soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes move "sideways" between prokaryotes, making it difficult to create a phylogeny. (Plasmids, viruses, transformation [uptake of DNA from environment]) |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat-lovers. Some of the earliest lineages of bacteria and archaea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely small, gram-negative, cocci. Only as parasites. Take ATP from host using translocase. Life cycle contains elementary bodies and reticulate bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Actinobacteria. High guanine and cytosine content. Many antibiotics are derived from them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photoautotrophs which contain chlorophyll a, photosynthetic lamellae, can be free-living or colonize in filaments. Appear in 3 types: vegetative cells photosynthesize, spores are the resting stage, and heterocysts specialize in nitrogen fixation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dormant, heat-resistant resting structures in harsh conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Low-GC gram-positives which lack cell walls which include smallest cellular creatures known. |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest group of bacteria. (Ex. E. coli, Y. pestis, V. cholerae, salmonella) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Live in extreme environments usually. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Successful pathogens must:
- arrive at body surface of host
- enter host's body
- evade the host's defenses
- multiply inside the host
- infect new host |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of pathogen to multiply in its host. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of pathogen to produce toxins which are harmful to host. |
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Term
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Definition
| Released when Gram-negatives lyse. (Ex. Salmonella and Escherichia.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Released by living, multiplying bacteria. Often fatal. (Ex. tetanus, cholera, plague, botulism.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein and genetic material that depend on host for reproduction. |
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Term
| Negative-sense Single-stranded RNA Virus |
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Definition
| Probably represent escaped genomic components. (Ex. measles, mumps, rabies, flu.) |
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Term
| Positive-sense Single-stranded RNA Virus |
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Definition
| Already set for translation. (Ex. mosaics, polio, Hep C, common cold.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regenerated by reverse transcription. (Ex. HIV.) |
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Term
| Double-stranded RNA Virus |
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Definition
| Diverse; from plants to humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| May represent highly reduced parasitic organisms that have lost cellular structure as well as ability to be free-living. (Ex. bacteriophages, smallpox, herpes.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. Paraphyletic. Diverse in their habitat, nutrition, locomotion, body form. |
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Term
|
Definition
Hapatophytes - unicellular, CaCO3 scales
Alveolates - Sac-like structures beneath plasma membranes (Ex. ciliates)
Stramenopiles - Hairy and smooth flagella (Ex. brown algae, diatoms, oomycetes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glaucophytes - Peptidoglycan in chloroplasts (Ex. red algae, chlorophytes, land plants, charophytes) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Opisthokonts - single flagellum, fungi, animals
Amoebozoans - amoeba, slime molds |
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Term
|
Definition
- flexible cell surface
- cytoskeleton
- nuclear envelope and organized chromosomes
- digestive vesicles
- certain organelles acquired from endosymbiosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amoeba's "false feet," extentions of its constantly changing cell shape. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tiny, hairlike organelles that beat in coordination for locomotion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excrete excess water taken in from osmosis from freshwater protists. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vacuole created during endocytosis which digests food. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Photosynthetic plankton. Primary producers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly specialized apicomplexans that spend part of their life cycle as human parasites. (Ex. malaria.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of kinetoplastid. (Ex. chagas, leischmaniasis, sleeping sickness.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Massive blooms of dinoflagellates in the ocean. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Asexual Reproduction in Protists |
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Definition
Binary Fission - equal splitting of one cell into two, with mitosis followed by cytokinesis
Multiple Fission - splitting of one cell into more than two cells
Budding - the outgrowth of a new cell from the surface of an old one
Spores - the formation of specialized cells that are capable of developing into new organisms |
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Term
| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
| The alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid life stages. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Paramecium line up next to one another and fuse in the oral groove region. Nuclear material is exchanged. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Haploid and diploid generations differ morphologically. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Haploid and diploid generation do not differ morphologically. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Haploid cells produced by the meiosis of a sporocyte. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having gametes of identical appearance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Having female gametes that are much bigger than the male. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Multicellular haploid individual produces gametes that fuse into zygote which directly goes through meiosis to form haploid spores. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Meiosis of diploid sporocyte produces haploid gametes directly, gametes fuse, diploid zygote divides to form diploid sporophyte. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Land plants. Monophyletic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Key shared derived traits within a clade. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Green algae closely related to land plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vascular plants containing tracheids which collect fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses |
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Term
|
Definition
| Liverworts: No filamentous stage, gametophyte flat and leafy (thalloid), sporophyte has stalk raised a little bit off the ground, no stomata. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hornworts: each cell has a single large platelike chloroplast, embedded archegonia, sporophyte grows basally but elongated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mosses: Filamentous stage (protonema), buds contain archegonia and antheridia, sporophyte grows apically, contains hydroids for water transport. |
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Term
| Land Plant Characteristics |
|
Definition
- cuticle: waxy covering that retards water loss
- stomata: small openings on leaf for gas exchange
- gametangia: MC organs that enclose plant gametes and prevent them from drying out
- embryos: young plants contained w/i a protective structure
- pigments: afford protection against mutagenic UV rays
- thick spore walls: protect spores
- mutually beneficial association with a fungus: promotes nutrient uptake |
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Term
|
Definition
| Multicellular, flask shaped female sex organ with a long neck and a swollen base, which produces a single egg. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Male sex organ in which sperm, each with two flagella, is produced in large numbers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transport water and nutrients from soil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Conducts products of photosynthesis to rest of plant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plant embryo, food source, and and protective coat. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Earliest known vascular plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Horizontal portions of stem to anchor plant to the soil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Water-absorbing unicellular filaments in rhizomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Club mosses and their relatives. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ferns and fern allies: Horsetails, Whisk ferns, Most ferns. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "True leaf." Monilophytes and seed plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A growth pattern in which one branch differentiates from and grows beyond the others. A synapomorphy of euphyllphytes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| First leaf type. Only in lycophytes these days. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Larger, more complex leaf. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bearing only a single type of spore. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bearing two distinct types of spores. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces megagametophyte (F). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces microgametophyte (M). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Growth in the diameter of woody stems and roots. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nonflowering seed plants. (Ex. pines, cycads.) |
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Term
|
Definition
Flowering seed plants.
Synapomorphies:
- double fertilization
- endosperm
- ovules/seeds enclosed in carpel
- flowers
- fruits
- phloem w/ companion cells
- reduced gametophytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Multicellular male gametophyte, filled with sperm. Very protective. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sterile sporophytic structures which protect the megasporangium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pollen landing near the female gametophyte. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pollen elongates and digests its way toward the megagametophyte. |
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|
Term
| Three Generations of a Seed |
|
Definition
1. tissues of diploid parent that surround sporangium
2. haploid female gametophyte within megasporangium containing nutrients
3. embryo of new diploid sporophyte |
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Term
|
Definition
| Palmlike plants of the tropics. Toxic. 300 species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Distinct sex chromosomes. Only 1 species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Share some characteristics with angiosperms. 90 species. |
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Term
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Definition
| 700 species. Cone gametophytes: megastrobilus and microstrobilus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The triploid nutritive tissue produced by double fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two fertilization events which take place in angiosperms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified leaf which encloses ovules and seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flower with functional mega- and microsporangia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angiosperms with 2 types of flowers for mega- and microsporangia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Both imperfect flowers occur on same plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Imperfect flowers of a single type on a single plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants and animals have evolved with mutual interests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from a single carpel or several united carpels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from several separate carpels of a single flower. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from a cluster of flowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from parts in addition to the carpel and seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single embryonic cotyledon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two embryonic cotyledons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seed leaves, to be absorptive organs or photosynthetic organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosynthesis traps energy and carbon for themselves and their consumers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The characteristic in which the organism (fungi) secrete digestive enzymes outside its body to break down large food molecules in the environment, then absorb the breakdown products through the plasma membranes of their cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi which absorb nutrients from dead organic matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi which absorb nutrients from living hosts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi which live in intimate associations with other organisms that benefit both partners. |
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Term
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Definition
Microsporidia
Chytrids
Zygospores - Zygomycota
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal - Glomeromycota
Sac - Ascomycota
Club - Basidiomycota |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Body of multicellular fungus. Composed of hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual tubular filaments in the body of a fungus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microscopic fibrils in the cell walls of hyphae. Nitrogen-containing polysaccharide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incomplete cross walls between the cells of the hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyphae which are only separated by septa. |
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Term
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Definition
| The quality in hyphae of lacking divisive cell walls but having many nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anchor fungi to their substratum. |
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Term
| Asexual Methods of Reproduction in Fungus |
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Definition
- Production of haploid spores with sporangia
- Production of haploid spores at tips of hyphae, conidia
- Binary fission
- Budding
- Simple breakdown of mycelium |
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Term
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Definition
| A not male- or female-related, genetically determined distinction which disallows self-fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branching projections that push through cell walls into living plant cells, absorbing the nutrients inside. |
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Term
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Definition
| Partners live in close, permanent contact with one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship benefits both partners. |
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Term
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Definition
| Associations of a fungus with a cyanobacterium or unicellular alga. Nutrient and mineral/water exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major cause of disease in immunocompromised humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sticky hyphae or rings to traps nearby microscopic prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| An association between plants and fungi in which the fungus do not invade the plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An association between plants and fungi in which the gungus do enter the plant cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi that live inside aboveground parts of plants without deleterious affect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasms of two different mating types fuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclei of two different mating types fuse. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A structural component of sponges. Can be calcareous, silaceous, or spongin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of sponge cell which builds spicules by starting with an organic filament and then adds silicon to the end of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sponge cell which are involved in digestion and reproduction. Have a central flagellum and microvilli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asexual buds of sponges as a response to hostile environment made up of amoebocytes and spicules. |
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Term
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Definition
Multicellularity
Heterotrophic Metabolism
Internal Digestion
Movement |
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Term
| Synapomorphies in Animals |
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Definition
Unique junctions (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions)
Common set of extracellular matrix molecules (collagen, proteoglycans, etc.) |
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Term
| Probable Ancestor of Animals |
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Definition
| Colonial choanoflagellates. |
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Term
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Definition
| First few divisions of a zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
Complete or Incomplete (yolk and embryo).
Spiral or Radial. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having two embryonic cell layers: outer ectoderm and inner endoderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having two embryonic cell layers: outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm, and inner endoderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indentation of the blastula to form a cup shaped structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opening of cavity formed by gastrulation. |
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Term
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Definition
"Mouth first."
- lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans
- anterior brain surrounds entrance to digestive tract
- ventral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Symmetry
Body cavity
Segmentation
External Appendages |
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Term
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Definition
Spherical
Radial
Bilateral - anterior, posterior, vental, dorsal |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissues in a head at the anterior of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lack enclosed, fluid-filled body cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass of cells in between the gut and the muscular body wall in an acoelomate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a pseudocoel, a fluid-filled space in which many of the internal organs are suspended, enclosed on the outside with mesoderm (muscles). |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a coelom, a body cavity developed within the mesoderm. Mesoderm surrounds inside and outside the coelom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer of muscular tissue derived from the mesoderm in coelomates. |
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Term
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Definition
| One function of the body cavity of the animal for locomotion in coordination with longitudinal and circular muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facilitates specialization of different body regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified and specialized into limbs for locomotion, food acquisition, sensation, or reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Food is delivered to them by the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Capture and eat animals that are typically relatively large. |
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Term
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Definition
| Take nutrients from host. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feed on dead organic matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cells that contain stinging organelles which inject toxins into prey. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of organisms from a parent organism or existing population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Radially symmetrical larval form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Need initial care and nourishment provided by parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Able to forage and care for themselves almost immediately after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many physiologically integrated, clonal individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protostomes and Deuterostomes. (All animals except sponges, placozoans, ctenophores, and cnidarians.) |
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Term
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Definition
| All animals except sponges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, transparent, simple, asymmetrical organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
Comb jellies.
- radially symmetrical
- diploblastic
- mesoglea
- complete gut
- ctenes (eight comblike rows of cilia bearing plates)
- release gametes to be fertilized in open sea water |
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Term
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Definition
Jellyfish, sea anenomes, corals, hydrozoans.
- gastrovascular cavity (blind sac for dig, circ, gas x, skel)
- sessile polyp
- motile medusa
- nerve nets
- mesoglea |
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Term
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Definition
Sea anenomes, sea pens, corals.
- polyps grow on top of one another
- secrete CaCo3 skeleton
- endosymbionts give color |
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Term
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Definition
Jellyfish.
- marine
- thick, hard mesoglea
- medusa dominant
- |
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Term
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Definition
Hydra.
- generally polyp dominant
- some colonial
- |
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Term
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Definition
| Insect parasites which infect larger insect hosts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flatworms, Rotifers, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Phoronids, Ribbon worms, Annelids, Mollusks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Circular or U-shaped ring of ciliated, hollow tentacles around mouth for food acquisition and gas exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Horsehair worms, Nematodes, Arthropods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molting (shedding of outer layer of cuticle). |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscular organ at the anterior end of digestive tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cuticle of Arthropods. Made of protein and chitin. |
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Term
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Definition
- coelomate
- complete gut
- no circ sys
- 3 segments: head, trunk, tail
- lateral fin pairs, tail fin, grasping spines |
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Term
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Definition
Tape worms and Flukes
- no circ sys
- blind sac
- acoelomate
- broad bands of cilia |
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Term
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Definition
- pseudocoelomate (hydrostatic skeleton)
- complete gut
- no circ sys
- corona (anterior ciliated organ which sweeps in food)
- mastax (mouth structure which grinds up food) |
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Term
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Definition
- coelomate
- complete gut
- no circ sys
- colonial, secrete house
- individuals specialize for feeding, reproduction, defense, support |
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Term
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Definition
- coelomate
- complete gut
- closed circ sys
- simple nervous sys
- rhynchocoel (fluid-filled cavity)
- proboscis (hollow, muscular tube exerts through anterior pore to pierce prey) |
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Term
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Definition
Sessile Worms
- coelomate
- complete gut
- closed circ sys
- lophophore
- env: sandy, muddy, rocky |
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Term
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Definition
- coelomate
- complete gut
- open circ sys
- solitary
- rigid shell, dorsal and ventral |
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Term
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Definition
Polychaetes and Clitellates
- coelomate
- complete gut
- closed circ sys
- clearly segmented
- ganglia (nerve centers in each segment)
- thin, permeable body |
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Term
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Definition
"Many hairs."
Some has pairs of eyes, tentacles, parapodia (outgrowths for gas x). |
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Term
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Definition
Oligachaetes and Leeches
- no eyes, parapodia, tentacles |
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Term
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Definition
Foot - large, muscular structure that originally was both for locomotion and support, specialized for tentacles or burrowing in some.
Visceral Mass - heart, digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs
Mantle - fold of tissue that covers visceral mass. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 8 shell plates form girdle. Clings to rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels. Incurrent siphon and excurrent siphon filter water, gas, food, and gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Snails, whelks, limpets, slugs, nudibranchs, abalones. Some are aposematic (color is warning of toxicity). |
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Term
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Definition
| Squids, octopuses, nautiluses. Jet propulsion through siphons. Eyes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Priapulids, Kinorhynchs, Loriciferans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Roundworms. Rhythmic movement of pharynx. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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