Term
|
Definition
screens remove large items
fine screens remove sediment
microbial ecosystems decompose soluble wastes
chemical applications remove everything else |
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Term
| Faculative Intracellular Pathogens |
|
Definition
| can live in host or freely |
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Term
|
Definition
| seek refuge by invading host |
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Term
| Pollutants that cause eutrophication |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| microbial communities at unheated benthic where methane and petroleum seep out |
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Term
|
Definition
| one species harms another (nonspecific) |
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Term
|
Definition
| mutualism, but both species can thrive separately |
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Term
|
Definition
| feeding together of two species on something that wouldn't otherwise be digestable |
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Term
|
Definition
| sequencing of genomes in an environmental community |
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Term
|
Definition
| core genome and accessory genes present in isolates |
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Term
|
Definition
| genes present in all sequenced genomes of species |
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Term
|
Definition
| steroid-like molecules of bacteria membranes |
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Term
| Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
| high resolution separation of large DNA fragments |
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Term
| Restriction Fragment Polymorphism (RFLPs) |
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Definition
| variations in number and size of DNA fragments made by using restriction endonuclease |
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Term
|
Definition
| identifying variations within subspecies of pathogen |
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Term
| How technology spreads disease |
|
Definition
colonization of woods and rainforests
transplants and transfusions
modern meat-processing
transportation |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| epidemic where infected spread disease to healthy |
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Term
|
Definition
outbreak, high frequency over short period
from one source; little transmission by infected |
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Term
|
Definition
| low frequency of disease; normally present |
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Term
|
Definition
| study of factors affecting illness and health of populations |
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Term
| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) symptoms |
|
Definition
destruction of red blood cells
kidney failure
infection by AB toxins |
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Term
| Pathogenic E. coli symptoms |
|
Definition
internal bleeding
bloody diarrhea |
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Term
| Tuberculosis Infection Cycle |
|
Definition
encountered in air
enters lungs
infects lungs and can remain latent
most damage caused by immune response |
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|
Term
| Survival strategies for pathogens of of cell, but still in host |
|
Definition
secretion of capsule
manufacturing of proteins that bind to antibodies
cause apoptosis of phagocytes
alter cell surface
(all to avoid detection and attachment of antibodies) |
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|
Term
| Survival strategies for pathogens in cell |
|
Definition
use hemolysin to break out of phagosome
secrete proteins to prevent fusion of phagosome with lysosome
mature in acidic lysosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| intermediates for pathogen transmission |
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Term
|
Definition
| inanimate objects that relay pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| cause disease in compromised host |
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Term
|
Definition
| cause disease in otherwise healthy host by breaching defenses |
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Term
| Signature-tagged mutagenesis |
|
Definition
mutate pathogen and tag it
inoculate host
recover pathogen and determine which mutations prevented growth in host |
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Term
| in vivo expression technology |
|
Definition
| identify promotors that transcribe only when infecting a host |
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Term
| Type IV secretion pathway |
|
Definition
similar to conjugation
transports DNA and proteins |
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Term
| Type III secretion pathway |
|
Definition
injects proteins directly into host using flagellum
injection induces engulfment |
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|
Term
| Type II secretion pathway |
|
Definition
| uses structures similar to pili that extend/contract for motility and injection of toxins |
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins form continuous pathway through membrane of bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| endotoxin that activates inflammatory response that can also cause toxic shock |
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Term
|
Definition
edema factor raises cAMP levels causing fluid secretion/swelling
lethal factor cleaves protein kinases, which halts immune system |
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Term
|
Definition
| blocks ribosome causing cell death |
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Term
|
Definition
ribosylates overactivate adenylate cyclase
cAMP activates ion transport, water follows causing diarrhea |
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Term
|
Definition
5 B subunits surround A and delivers A to host
A subunit is toxic |
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|
Term
| 5 types of toxin function |
|
Definition
1. causes host cell membrane leakage
2. block protein synthesis
3. block 2nd messenger pathways
4. superantigens overactivate immune system
5. proteases cleave host proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
protein secreted into periplasm
secreted to site of assembly
subunits strung together
tips of pili bind to host |
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Term
|
Definition
mannose resistant
dynamic; various surface arrangements |
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Term
|
Definition
| mannose resistant; bind to red blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| adhere to mannose residues on host cell surface |
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Term
|
Definition
hollow fibrils made of pilin with tips that bind to host
prevents expulsion from host |
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Term
| Pathogenicity island characteristics |
|
Definition
multiple genes associated with pathogenicity transferred as block from other organisms
flanked by phage or plasmid genes
different base ratio than other parts of genome |
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|
Term
| Examples of virulence factors |
|
Definition
| toxins, attachment proteins, capsules |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of organisms to kill 50% of hosts |
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Term
|
Definition
| frequency of lethal infections |
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Term
|
Definition
number of organisms to colonize 50% of host
measure pathogenicity |
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Term
|
Definition
| nonprotein; hyperactivates immune system |
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Term
|
Definition
| toxic proteins; kills host to unlock nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. encounter
2. entry
3. establish infection
4. cause damage |
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Term
| Benefits of biofilms to microbes |
|
Definition
protection from:
predators
phages
biocides
antibiotics
immunophagocytes
antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| community of bacteria enclosed in ECM |
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Term
|
Definition
oligopeptides (gram +)
n-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) (gram -)
Al-2 INTER species communication (gram +/-) |
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Term
|
Definition
adapt to availability of nutrients
defense
avoidance of toxins
coordination of virulence to escape
immune response and establish infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability of bacteria to communicate and coordinate behavior via small molecules (inter and intra species) |
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Term
|
Definition
| protists, viruses, bacterial predators |
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Term
|
Definition
worm takes up CO2 and H2S
microbes must oxidize to make organic matter |
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Term
| Metabolism of deep sea ocean vents |
|
Definition
producers oxides H2S for energy
methanogens and methanotrophs prevent CO2 buildup
hydrogen oxidizers convert H2 and S --> H2S |
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Term
|
Definition
host for bioluminescent bacteria
bacteria emit light to match moonlight to eliminate shadow on ocean floor
undetectable by predators |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacteria and algae help coral fix N2, photosynthesis, protection against pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| break down cellulose in anaerobic environment |
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Term
| Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
|
Definition
improve acquisition of phosphate, nitrogen, water
reduce incidence of root disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| region of soil surrounding rocks |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fungal infection in plants that increase ability to absorb nutrients |
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|
Term
| Rhizobium infection cycle |
|
Definition
legumes secrete flavanoids
rhizobia express nod genes and enter cortical cells
remains in symbiosome
Rhizobia fix nitrogen; plant provides nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| both organisms combine metabolic capabilities to catabolize substances they couldn't alone |
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Term
|
Definition
| model of wetland with regions of enrichment for different microbes |
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Term
| Cycle leading to acid rain |
|
Definition
phytoplankton produce DMSP to protect against UV
other bacteria convert DMSP-->DMS (volatile, acts as nuclei for cloud formation)
DMS is hydrated to sulfuric acid, which falls as acid rain |
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|
Term
| Characteristics of phosphorus cycle |
|
Definition
same oxidation state
no gas intermediate
soluble in oceans |
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Term
|
Definition
| used as and e- acceptor in e- transport chain |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| anaerobic formation of N2 from ammonia and nitrite |
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Term
|
Definition
cascade of anaerobic respirations converting nitrate-->N2
nitrate-->nitrite-->nitric oxide-->nitrous oxide-->nitrogen gas |
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Term
|
Definition
ammonia-->nitrite-->nitrate
oxidation
makes nitrogen available to plants |
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Term
|
Definition
nitrogen gas-->ammonia
nitrogenase reduces nitrogen
complex cofactors make it oxygen sensitive |
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|
Term
|
Definition
oxidize methane to CO2
CH4 + SO4 --> CO2 + H2S + OH-
CH4 + H2O --> CO2 + 4H2
removal of H2 drives rxn to right |
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Term
|
Definition
| break down trapped carbon compounds in anaerobic environments to CH4 |
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Term
| Why viruses aren't "living" |
|
Definition
no cellular integrity
only a protein and nucleic acid
depend on host for survival and replication |
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Term
|
Definition
alveolate
2 long flagella
red algal chloroplast
secrete neurotoxins via extrusome |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| growth material is secreted at hyphal tips |
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Term
|
Definition
| must absorb as individual molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| amoebas, alveolates, heterokonts, euglenozoa, excavates |
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Term
|
Definition
| circular, similar to bacteria |
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|
Term
| Protein chemistry for increased stability |
|
Definition
| ion pairs, acidic/basic residues, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| ether-linked, making it more resistant to acid and heat |
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Term
|
Definition
Crenarchaeotes
Euryarchaeotes |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Gram-negative proteobacteria |
|
Definition
light-supplemented heterotrophs
adaptable metabolisms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
specialized pore cells
survive desiccation and then germinate at better conditions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| short chains of motile cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| used for buoyancy to maintain position |
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Term
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide fixation location |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| photosynthetic apparatus separate from plasma membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell part specialized in nitrogen fixing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
oxygenic phototrophs
photolyze water to make oxygen
photolyze hydrogen
reduce sulfur compounds
only bacteria producers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
phototrphic, filamentous
moderate thermophiles
lots of membrane-bound chlorophylls |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| have little water activity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| live at low temperature environments |
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Term
|
Definition
| live in low carbon environment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| live in high temperature environments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lives in high salt environments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| live within rock crystals |
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Term
|
Definition
| basic components from abiotic factors infused with electricity formed biomolecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| idea that life came from other planets |
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|
Term
| Metabolism of early microbes |
|
Definition
sulfur-based
anaerobic metabolism
reduction of nitrate and sulfate |
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Term
|
Definition
| CH4, CO2, N2, NH4+, H2S, FeS, CO, H2 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| infectious single strand RNA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| studied prions causing scrapie |
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Term
|
Definition
| discovered penicillin killed gram + bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| demonstrated DNA is responsible for bacteriophage infection |
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Term
|
Definition
microbe found in all cases, but not healthy
microbe isolated and grown
induce disease by introducing microbe
can obtain microbe from diseased |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| first to observe bacteria with a lens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| developed first compound microscope |
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Term
|
Definition
germ theory
boiled broth in necked glass exposed to air to disprove spontaneous generation |
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Term
|
Definition
boiled broth in evacuated chamber and sealed, no spontaneous generation
thought that spontaneous generation required air |
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Term
|
Definition
| boiled broth that clouded days later; thought to be spontaneous generation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| studied infestation of maggots on meat |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| used cowpox pustules as smallpox vaccine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
ubiquitous
abundant
diverse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA can:
store info
duplicate
catalyze (ribosomes)
later, DNA and proteins took over these roles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structure and form
catalytic activity
self-replication
membrane compartmentalization
metabolism of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live in high pressure environment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| live in basic environments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| live in acidic environments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
components of metabolism arose from self-sustaining abiotic rxns
proteins and metabolism formed first |
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Term
|
Definition
| species that grow in extreme environments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| thrive at cold temperatures |
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Term
|
Definition
| gene duplication and independent mutation of two protein lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that diverge from one another in different species |
|
|
Term
| Proteobacteria resemble... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endosymbiosis example: sea slug & chloroplasts |
|
Definition
sea slugs engulf chloroplasts
chloroplasts perform photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Endosymbiosis example: aphids |
|
Definition
| have symbionts that make essential amino acids for them |
|
|
Term
| Endosymbiosis example: amoeba and cyanobacteria |
|
Definition
cyanobacteria provides food
amoeba provides protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help establish organism that can alter host functions to cause disease |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when immune response to pathogen is contributing cause to pathology |
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|
Term
|
Definition
group of genes transferred together horizontally frequently
linked to tRNA
abnormal base-pair ratio
flanked by genes similar to phage/plasmid |
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Term
|
Definition
DNA transfer via plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages
with genes coding for metabolism, stress response, pathogenicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss or mutation of DNA encoding for unselected traits |
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|
Term
| Shared ancestor (progenote) characteristics |
|
Definition
genetic code
fueling pathways
protein synthesis
very inefficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Requirements for phylogenetic marker study |
|
Definition
gene must be present in organisms studied
gene can't be horizontally transferred
gene must have conservation
must be large enough |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| redox reactions of e- transport chain store energy in proton gradients in mitochondria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| feed on only inorganic minerals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| can survive extreme pH and temperatures |
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|
Term
|
Definition
algae live in fungus
algae provides food
fungus provides protection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| layers of earliest microorganisms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria
archaea
eukaryotic microbes: yeasts, protists, algae |
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|
Term
|
Definition
live in hot water
branched off early |
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