they are larger than host species

camoflague nests

dictates sleep schedule / eat schedule

long tone, animals would hit the right lever

if they never see light, picking up habits is more difficult

light goes thru their skull and reaches their pineal gland

gravity does not affect diurnal cycle

normal cycle = 23 1/2 hrs

MULTIPLE CYCLES

all phases seen over 90 min cycle

2.) passive - don't do anything important. means avoiding harm

royal albatross - circle antarctica for 2-4 yrs w/o ever landing

sharing of food is done w/ kin - evidence of kin selection= direct benefits

trade food for protection

b/w group - compete only when coming into contact

flock A should do better than flock B as a whole

no freeloaders, & have more children

usuall prey upon monkeys

ants protect butterfly larvae from wasps. ants provide protection because larvae makes nectar for them to eat

benefit is protection

2.) benefits > costs

2.) singular breeders - 1 pair of adults breed, other adults help raise young

beta females allign to defeat alpha female

3.) communal care of young

hermit crab / anemone

gatherers - bring together, higher calories, high social complexity

hippocampus is larger in animals that stash food, not hoard food

evolved toxic in leaves, would kill other animals, have special enzymes

another produces bacteria on its body and smears fungus on it to protect it. not genetic, must get it from rubbin against an older ant

more success to hunt w/ others, force insects out of hiding

animal will have strategy that gives it highest intake/unit time

caloric intake is zero b/w trees, from walking, keeps caloric output going

hungry bird= risk prone

3.) avoiding concentrations of neurotoxins

4.) anti-consumption: even after being captured

alarm calls- birds, squirrels, when w/ conspecifics

2.) muellarian: viceroy butterfly eats poisonous plants but looks like monarch. refers to 2 species that look alike and both have defenses.

3.) avoid concentrating neurotoxins

global transportation - shipping food spreads diseases

dont harm dogs... when dog poops and another dog licks it, that dog gets it

ex: rabbits> toxicara gets into food, travel to brain and destroys it. another animal will eat that and obtain toxicara

lead is poisonous to toxicara. lead takes the place of an antibiotic

dont have a normal nose, it's on their feet

ex: we dont like feces, so we think others wont either

chimps have more complex hunting patterns than any other animal

high predator to low predator - stays vigilant

disease (predation by bacteria)

moose populoation fell, then wolves fell, then evened out

ancestors must have been selected for high predation learning

loudest terrestrial animal in the world

the most frequently observed cooperation behavior

grooming is exchanged for coalition formation and a reduction in aggressive behavior

3.) eliminating potential competitors for their own offspring

3.) forgiving - remembering only one move back in time (a person using TFT will forgive a prior defection if a partner is currently cooperating)

fish prefer to associate w/ cooperators

3.) bats are more likely to share with those who have donated blood to them in the past

2.) no scorekeeping is necessary in B.M.

natural selection has equipped animals with the ability to recognize and implement cooperative strategies in new situations

this call was especially used when the bird wanted extra predator protection

some coalitions fight others for their women

these different calls, in turn, tell other monkeys what predator is attacking so they know how to escape

6.) used as a sign for appeasing dominants

when experiments tested their children, the same results occurred, showing natural selection produced 'hard-wired' differences

predators kill prey w/ much smaller brains. prey w/ larger brains make it necessary that predators maintain their intelligence. this creates a spiraling effect, where both predator & prey get smarter over time.

recruiters gain more food since bigger groups help track down insect swarms

vibrational communication is also used to recruit others, and is used to tell minims to protect the ants from parasitic flies

androgen tends to increase EODs in fish

ultimate cause: attracting others to a food source in order to overpower resident ravens and increase their own fitness

male swallows emit false alarm calls when their paternity is threatened by extrapair copulations

the differences in birdsong occur in the variation in other anatomical structures in the birds body

to perfect their song, the bird needs to hear itself sing

6.) announcement of predators

used by water striders

4.) thermoregulation

home ranges - large area where animal will forage - not defended

rational choice leads the two players to both play defect even though each player's individual reward would be greater if they both played cooperate. In equilibrium, each prisoner chooses to defect even though both would be better off by cooperating, hence the dilemma.

any uncertainty that increases the probability that a defector will be the victim of its own cheating

larvae use vibrational communication with ant guards

this is because squirrel pups dont leave their burrow until they are 40 days old, which is when they are first faced w/ the danger of a snake bite

when fish were paired with experienced partners, they survived predation at a higher rate than those paired w/ inexperienced partners

4.) the bacteria only hurts parasites which hurt the fungus

organisms focus on consuming the most energy while expending the least amount of energy

moving between food patches, however, is assumed to entail some cost (eg: lost time foraging & increased rate of predation).

results: pigeons preferred the green light in almost 70% of trials

2.) prey were clumped together, and when one bluegill found food, other bluegills got food too

Gombe chimps: solo hunters are more successful, nonhunter's still had access to food

there is a fundamental link between per mRNA and foraging

2.) not being vigilant against your neighbor, assuming it can be trusted.

there may be a possible endocrinological correlate to migratory learning