KEY CONCEPTS OF NURSING RESEARCH

-2- 

1-MUST DECRIBE THE SYSTEMATIC GATHERING OF INFORMATION

2- MUST ADDRESS A GAP IN CURRENT KNOWLEDGE 

-HOW DO WE QUANTIFY THE EXPERIENCE

- UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF AN EXPERIENCE IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO CONTROL AND PREDICT 

-A STATISTICAL TERM INDICATING A LOW LIKELIHOODTHAT ANY DIFFERENCES OR RELATIONSHIPS FOUND IN A STUDY HAPPENED BY CHANCE

-ENSURES THE FINDING WAS NOT BY CHANCE 

RESEARCH PROCESS 

-5- 

1-DEFINE THE PROBLEM

2- DEVELOP A PLAN

3- IMPLEMENT THE STUDY

4- ANALYZE AND INTERPRET

5-DISSEMINATION OF FINDINGS - MOST IMPORTANT

STEPS OF EBP

-5- 

1- AKS THE BURNING CLINICAL QUESTION - PICO

2- COLLECT THE MOST RELEVANT AND BEST EVIDENCE

3- CRITICALLY APPRAISE THE EVIDENCE

4- INTEGRATE ALL EVIDENCE WITH ONE 'S EXPERTISE

5- EVALUATE THE PRACTISE DECISION 

PATIENT/PERSON

INTERVENTION

COMPARISON

OUTCOME 

HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE

LEVEL 1 

HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE

LEVEL 2

HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE

LEVEL 3

HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE

LEVEL 4

HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE

LEVEL 5

HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE

LEVEL 6

HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE

LEVEL 7

THE FINAL PRODUCT

IS VERY SPECIFIC IN WHAT IT IS ASKING 

- THE PREDICTOR VARIABLE

- IT IS WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO MANIPULATE, AND SEE HOW IT CHANGES YOUR DEPENDENT VARIABLE 

- IS THE OUTCOME VARIABLE

- IS THE ONE AFFECTED BY THE USE OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 

- FOCUSED SUMMARY ON WHAT HAS ALREADY BEEN PUBLISHED ON THE SUBJECT

- PROVIDES A PICTURE OF WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN

 - IS THERE ANYTHING GLARINGLY MISSING?

- IT WILL HELP YOU DETERMINE IF THE RESEARCH DESIGN MATCHES/FITS  THE RESEARCH QUESTION

- IS IT QUALITATIVE/QUANTITATIVE?

- THE QUESTION THAT DIRECTS THE STUDY

-EXPLAINS HOW THE VARIABLES ARE BEING EXAMINED 

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

-4- 

1-ETHNOGRAPHY

2-GROUNDED-THEORY

3-PHENOMENOLOGY

4-HISTORICAL 

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

-5- 

1- DESCRIPTIVE

2- CORREALATIONAL

3- COHORT

4 - CASE-CONTROL

5- EXPERIMENTAL 

QUANT

-JUST DESCRIBES WHAT HAPPENS 

QUANT

-DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP 

QUANT

-RETROSPECTIVE

-COMPARES ONE GROUP WITH TO ANOTHER WITHOUT

QUANT

-FOLLOW A GROUP LONGITUDINALLY OVER TIME

-PROSPECTIVE

-THEY DESCRIBE SOMETHING

-NUMBER OF PXS, MALE/FEMALE

-COULD BE NUMBERS OR PERCENTAGES

-WILL BE FOUND IN ANY KIND OF RESEARCH ARTICLE 

- MAKES INFERRENCES ABOUT POPULATIONS OFF SMALLER AMOUNTS OF DATA

- THE STATS ALLOW YOU TO MAKE PREDICTIONS/GENERALIZATIONS

- 

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

-4- 

1- NOMINAL - CATEGORICAL

2- ORDINAL - CATEGORICAL

3- INTERVAL - CONTINOUS

4- RATIO - CONTINUOUS

-ASSIGN NUMBERS TO CATEGORIES

-ORDERING OF NUMBERS NOT MEANINGFUL

- ALLOWS YOU TO QUANTIFY NON-NUMERICAL DATA

0-CAT

1-DOG

2-FEMALE

3-MALE

- ASSIGN NUMBERS SO ORDER IS MEANINFUL

-INTERVALS BETWEEN NUMBERS IS NOT CONSISTANT

1-FRESHMAN

2-SOPHMORE

3-JUNIOR

4-SENIOR 

-ASSIGN NUMBERS IN MEANINGFUL ORDER, WITH EQUAL DISTANCES BETWEEN POINTS OF MEASURE

-ZERO IS NOT MEANINGFUL

- LIKE TEMPERATURE

-MEANINGFUL ORDER, EQUAL DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS

-DOES HAVE AN ABSOLUTE ZERO POINT

-HEIGHT/WT

-THERE ARE NOT ANY NEGATIVE NUMBERS 

=MIDPOINT OF ALL VALUES OR SCORES

-SHOWS OUTLIERS 

MAJORITY FALL IN THE MIDDLE

-EXTREMES ARE RARE

PUTS ALL OF THE DATA ON A SCALE

-BELL CURVE 

HOW MUCH DOES EACH SCORE DIFFER FROM THE MEAN VALUE

-STANDARD DEVIATION

-THE BIGGER THE STANDARD DEVIATION, THE BIGGER VARIANCE YOU HAVE. 

RANDOM SAMPLE

-PROBABILITY- 

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

-PROBABILITY- 

CLUSTER RANDOM

-PROBABILITY- 

LOOKING AT A PROBLEM THAT IS LARGE AND WIDESPREAD.

-SAMPLING FROM SMALLER REPRESENTATIVE GROUPS IN MAJOR AREAS AS A SAMPLE. 

-QUALITATIVE SAMPLING

-STARTS WITH ONE PERSON AND THEN SPREADS BY WORD OF MOUTH UNTIL YOU HAVE ENOUGH OF A SAMPLE SIZE

DETERMINED BY THE NEED THAT WILL ALLOW THE RESEARCHER TO MAKE GENERALIZATIONS ON THE PUBLIC

-USUALLY DONE BY A POWER ANALYSIS 

DEPENDS ON HOW COMPLEX THE QUESTION IS

-HOW COMPLEX IS THE PHENOMENON 

1-SELF DETERMINIZATION

2-PRIVACY AND DIGNITIY

3-ANONYMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY

4-FAIR TREATMENT

5-PROTECTION FROM DISCOMFORT AND HARM 

NO ONE CAN LINK THE DATA WITH THE PERSON

-INCLUDING THE RESEARCHER 

o    A complex mental formulation of an experience

-THE TOTALITY OF WHAT IS PERCEIVED

1-THE WORD

2-THE THING

3-THE EMOTIONAL RESPONSE WE HAVE TO THE THING

LEVELS OF THEORETICAL THINKING

-4- 

1-MICRORANGE THEORY - VERY SPECIFIC

2-MIDDLERANGE THEORY - PRACTICAL APPLICATION

3-GRAND THEORY - OVERARCHING PRACTISE

4-META-THEORY  - OVERARCHING/ENCOMPASSING

UNDERSTANDING PARTICIPANTS MEANING OF PHENOMENON

-WHAT LANGUAGE IS USED TO DESCRIBE AN EXPERIENCE 

STATISTICAL TEST USED TO EXAMINE HOW MUCH TWO VARIABLES ARE CONNECTED TO CONSISTENT CHANGES IN ONE ANOTHER

-WHEN VALUE FOR ONE VARIABLE CHANGES THE VALUE FOR THE OTHER VARIABLE CONSISTENTLY CHANGES IN A CERTAIN DIRECTION 

-REPORTED = r=.82, p<.05 

o    The further the value is from zero, the higher the correlation 

-MAKE PREDICTIONS 

-X²

-EQUIVELANT OF T-TEST BUT USED ON CATEGOICAL INFORMATION

-NOMINAL

-ORDINAL 

TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION

-5- 

1-PHYSIOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL MEASURES

2-OBSERVATIONAL MEASURES

3-INTERVIEWS

4-QUESTIONNAIRES

5-RECORDS/AVAILABLE DATA 

VERBAL

MAY BE FACE-TO-FACE

OPEN/CLOSED ENDED

PAPER/PENCIL

GATERH DATA FROM INDIVIDUALS

LIKERT SCALES 

RATING SCALE

LIKERT SCALE

VISUAL ANALOG SCALE

NUMBER RATING SCALE 

LIST OF ORDERED SERIES OF VARIABLES

MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE UNDERLYING CONTINUUM 

MEASURES OPINIONS OR ATTITUDES ABOUT A CONCEPT

A NUMBER ASSOCIATED WITH A LEVEL OF AGREEMENT, FREQUENCY, OR EVALUATION 

LINE 100MM LONG WITH VERBAL ANCHORS AT EITHER END

PERSON MARKS ON TH ELINE

MEASURE WITH A RULER TO QUANTIFY THE VALUE 

PERSON MARKS A NUMBER WHERE HE/SHE IS

MAY USE VERBAL ANCHORS

MOST COMMONLY USED IN NURSING 

QUANT - RELIABILITY

THREE TYPES 

CONSISTENCY OF THE MEASURE

1-INTERRATER

2-TEST-RETEST

3- INTERNAL CONSISTENCY 

QUANTITATIVE

EXAMINE THE PERCENT OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN RATERS 

QUANTITATIVE

GOAL IS TO DETERMINE IF ITEMS ON A TEST ARE CONSISTENT WITH MEASURING ONLY ON DIMENSION OR CONCEPT

-REPORTED AS CHRONBACH'S 

QUANTITATIVE

CORRELATE SCORES ON TEST AT TIME 1 TO TIME 2 TO SEE IF RELIABLE OVER TIME 

QUANTITATIVE - VALIDITY

THREE TYPES 

MEASURE IS ACCURATE

MEASURE YIELDS INFORMATION ABOUT THE TURE OR REAL VARIABLE BEING STUDIED

1-CRITERION-RELATED

2-CONTRUCT VALIDITY

3-CONTENT VALIDITY 

QUANTITATIVE

RESULTS OF THIS MEASURE MATCH THOSE WITH OTHER KNOWN TO CAPTURE THE SAME CONCEPTS 

QUANTITATIVE

MEASURES WHAT IT IS "SUPPOSED" TO MEASURE

MOST DIFFICULT TO DEMONSTRATE 

QUANTITATIVE

COMPHREHENSIVENESS AND APPROPRIATENESS OF CAPTURING CONCEPT

EXTABLISED BY PANEL OF EXPERTS 

QUALITATIVE RELIABILITY/VALIDITY = RIGOR

FOUR TYPES 

1-CREDIBILITY - WOULD PARTICIPANTS RECOGNIZE THE EXPERIENCE AS THEIR OWN

2- AUDITABILITY - ARE MEASURES TAKEN THAT WOULD ALLOW ANOTHER PERSON TO FOLLOW THE RESEARCHERS THINKING

3-FITTINGNESS - ARE THE FINDINGS APPLICABLE IN OTHER SITUATIONS

4-REFLEXIVITY - DOES THE AUTHOR DISCUSS HIS/HER EFFECT ON RESEARCH OR FINDINGS? 

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

TESTS DIFFERENCES IN MEANS AMOUNG TWO OR MORE GROUPS

EQUIVALENT OF RUNNING A SERIES OF T-TESTS, YET LIMITS THE AMOUNT OF POSSIBLE ERROR 

REQUIRES POST-HOC ANALYSIS TO INTERPRET FINDINGS