Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| object fashioned or altered by humans |
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Term
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Definition
| grid stystem, datum points, flotation, stratification |
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Term
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Definition
| study of sequential layering of deposits |
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Term
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Definition
| 1949, organic material, half life is 5730, |
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Term
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Definition
| measures ratio of K40 to A40, need valcanoes, half life of 1.3 billions years, date layer above and below fossil |
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Term
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Definition
| count the number of uranium (U238), fewer tracks = younger |
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Term
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Definition
| varve is silt deposited on the bottom of the lake, measure thickness, only effective near glaciers |
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Term
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Definition
| measure tree rings, limiited |
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Term
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Definition
| apes and humans (fossil and living) |
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Term
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Definition
| humans (fossil and living) |
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Term
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Definition
| tertiary and quaternary periods, divided into 7 epochs |
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Term
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Definition
| primate origins began in the placental mammal radiation 65 mya, cenozoic era is age of mammals, rapid habitat change |
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Term
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Definition
| insectivores, no true primates |
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Term
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Definition
| small, squirrel-like extinct mammals, 60 mya |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest undoubted primates |
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Term
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Definition
| lemur-like, tarsier-like, catarrhine, greatest primate radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| first true ape appears in fossil record, fayum is most important site, Y5 |
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Term
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Definition
| possible ancestor of hominoids, Y5, monkey sized with tail |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of fossils, forests shrinking, last common ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
proconsul, unspecialized tree dwelling fruit eaters, hominoid, size variation
dryopithecines,ramapithecines |
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Term
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Definition
| africa, asia, europe, built for powerful chewing, suggestion of bipedalism |
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Term
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Definition
| miocene, 14-9 mbp, arms longer than legs, not a human ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| miocene, 9mbp-500000, dragon bones, huge jaws |
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Term
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Definition
| 4.4 mya, hominid like canines and vertebrae elements, forward position of foreman magnum, suggested bipedalism, pliocene |
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Term
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Definition
| 4.2 and 1 mya, original found in South Africa, 5 different species |
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Term
| australopithecus anamensis |
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Definition
| 4.2 to 3.9 mya, oldest direct evidence for bipedalism, apelike jaw |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
| Lucy, 3.2 mya, Laetoli, Hadar, |
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Term
| australopithecus africanus |
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Definition
| 3-2.3 mya, Taung child, human like face, ape like teeth, Mrs. Ples, vaulting |
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Term
| A. Afarensis and A. Africanus |
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Definition
| apelike from waist up, human like from waist down, curvature of spine is human like, arboreal adaptations, footprints, apelike head, large browridge, large jaw, no chin, dental arcarde like humans |
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Term
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Definition
| 2.5 to 1.3 mya, heavy skull, sagittal crest, large browridge, heavy chewer of plant foods |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.8 to 1 mya, sagittal crest, powerful jaw, chewer of uncooked plant foods |
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Term
| gracile/robust comparison |
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Definition
| temporal region, zygomatic arch, sagital crest, eyebrow ridge, cranial capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| 2.4 to 1.6 mya, handy man, differnt from australopithecus in cranial size and dental proportions |
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Term
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Definition
| only in hominins, males could transfer food from savannah to females in trees, means to cope with heat stress of savannah, freeing of forelimbs |
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Term
| australopithecenes origins |
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Definition
| evolutionary forces, breaking up of forests, increased dependence on hand held weapons and tools |
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Term
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Definition
| higher visibility to predators, exposed underbelly, slower, increased health risks, increased risk of immobility |
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Term
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Definition
| larger brain, naked skin and bipedalism provide means for cooling |
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Term
| factors influencing bipedalism |
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Definition
| carrying, hunting, seed and nut gathering, feeding from bushes, visual surveillance, long distance walking, male provisioning |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.8 mya to 10000 ya, ice age, glacial adavancement exposed land bridges, homo erectus |
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Term
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Definition
| dramatic body size increase, thick cranial bone and large brow ridges, shovel shaped incisors =hunter gather adaptation |
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Term
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Definition
| Homo erectus, 1.8-1.6 mya, DuBois, ngandong individuals- 50 to 25 kya |
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Term
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Definition
| site occupied for almost 250,000 years, homo erectus, 40 adults and children, 100 artifacts |
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Term
| discoveries in east Africa |
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Definition
| homo erectus, Leakey, most complete skeleton of a juvenile male modern size and morphology postcranially, achulean tools |
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Term
| homo erectus in africa and asia |
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Definition
| african as thinner cranial bones, separated by a million years |
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Term
| homo erectus technological trends |
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Definition
| biface and acheulian hand axes potential hunter, possible use of fire |
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Term
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Definition
| mousterian, achulean, olduwan |
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Term
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Definition
| all middle pleistocene species, widely dispersed, variation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large cranium with bulging sides, bunning, vaulting, long front to back, zygomatic arch, 600000 to 40000 ybp, |
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Term
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Definition
| open sites, caves, rock shelters, fire, some indication of specialized tools |
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Term
| neanderthal symbolic behavior |
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Definition
| deliberatley buried the dead |
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Term
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Definition
| spear thrower, neanderthal |
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Term
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Definition
| neandertals, sophisticated, worked faces |
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Term
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Definition
| 50000 ybp anatomically human, carvings, cave paintings |
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Term
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Definition
| africa to asia to new world blocked by bering sea |
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Term
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Definition
| from food storage to food domestication, 10000 years ago, higher yields, increased fertility, geographic spread, increased stability |
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Term
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Definition
| from food storage to food domestication, 10000 years ago, higher yields, increased fertility, geographic spread, increased stability |
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Term
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Definition
| 10350 to 9000 years ago, southwest asia, small farming village, domesticated plants and animals, mud houses with fire pits, long distance trade, Jericho |
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Term
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Definition
| clothing, pottery, housing |
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Term
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Definition
| ritual, egalitarian, separate households, little division of labor, kinship groups |
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Term
| food prodcution in new world |
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Definition
| agriculture 4500 years ago, loom and spindle, 3000 years ago |
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Term
| agriculuture produced changes |
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Definition
| agriculutural innovation, diversification of labor, central government, social stratification |
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Term
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Definition
Paleocene = insectivores
Eocene = 1st true primate
Oligocene -1st hominoid
Miocene = 1st ecological shift (diet)
Pliocene = hominids
Pleistocene = rapid expansion
Holocene = 2nd ecological shift (agriculture) |
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Term
| response to environmental change |
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Definition
| human variation is result of adaptations to the environment, long term (genetic) characterize all individuals in population, |
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Term
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Definition
| equated with race in the USA,four factors are transparency carotene, reflected color of blood vessels, melanin |
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Term
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Definition
| arbitrary category, gene flow, confusion between cultural and biological categories, |
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Term
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Definition
| early- based on geography and physical traits, modern- rejection of trait list approach, adaptation of populations |
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Term
| race as a biological concept |
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Definition
| differences in populations is greater than differences between individuals in differnt populations |
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Term
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Definition
| until 1500, lighter color in the north, more pigment in the tropics |
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Term
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Definition
| color from melanin, all have the same number of melanocytes which is where melanin comes from, 4 genes code for skin color |
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Term
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Definition
| dermis- sweat glands, epidermis- melanin |
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Term
| developmental plasticity and acclimization |
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Definition
| girls have ligther skin than boys, skin darkens with age, tanning as adaptive response to uv light, food changes skin color |
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Term
| explanation for geographical variation in skin color |
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Definition
| heat exchange, vitamin D regulation, radiation protection, frost bite susceptibility, sexual selection |
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Term
| skin color and heat exchange |
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Definition
| heat absorbed by dark skin may be an adaptation for replacing body heat lost during the night when it is cold but doesn't freeze |
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Term
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Definition
| dark skin must be more susceptible to frost bite |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced sunlight and need for wearing clothes would select for depigmentation to regulate vitamin D synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| less risk of skin cancer, les risk of sunburn, reduced vitamin D, risk of cold injury |
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Term
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Definition
| high skin cancer risk, sunburn, more vitamin D, resistance to cold injury |
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Term
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Definition
| sweat glands, vasodilation, loss of body hair |
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Term
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Definition
| body size is larger in populations in cold environments |
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Term
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Definition
| shorter appendages in cold environments, increased mass to surface area ratio decreases body heat loss |
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Term
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Definition
| tropical organisms have darker skin |
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Term
| factors that initiate changes in allelle frequencies |
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Definition
| mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection, disease |
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Term
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Definition
| selection favors sickle cell trait |
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Term
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Definition
| theory for human dispersal, weak multregional continuity |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest human specimen, ethiopia, 195000 ya |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle awash, ethiopia, 160000ya, adult and child, H. sapien idaltu |
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Term
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Definition
| romania eralies H. sapien fossils in euroe, 35000ya |
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Term
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Definition
| aurgnacian tool assembly, 28000ya, 8 individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| portugal, child, hybrid of neandertal and modern human |
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Term
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Definition
| oldest human find from china, |
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Term
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Definition
| indonesia, oldest modern humanf ind in asia |
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Term
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Definition
| liangbua cave on flores near java, really small hominins, from H. erectus |
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Term
| upper paleolithic technology |
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Definition
| 40,000ya, climate change in eurasia, bow, atlatl, art, pottery, Lascaux cave- great hall of bulls |
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Term
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Definition
| culutral variations are inherited like biological variations |
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Term
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Definition
| government regulation of marriage and family size for race improvement |
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Term
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Definition
| species composed of populations that differ in their expression of traits |
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Term
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Definition
| loci wit more than one allele |
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Term
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Definition
| gradua change in frequency of genotypes and phenotypes from one geographic region to another |
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Term
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Definition
| mathematical relationship under conditions in which no evolution is occuring, predicting the distribution of allels in populations |
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Term
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Definition
| capillaries near the skin surface widen to incerase blood flow to the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| disease continually present in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| disease transmitted to humans from non-human contact |
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