Term
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Definition
entrapment of radial nerve caused by repetitive and forceful pushing, pulling, bending of the wrist
symptoms: pain and tenderness, pain worst with wrist flexion and extension. similar to symptoms of tennis elbow but pain is more distal on the forearm for tunnel syndrome |
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Term
| Neural entrapments of radial, ulnar, and median nerves |
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Definition
compression or inflammation of radial, ulnar, medial nerves usually at the arcade of struthers (where ulnar nerve enters the elbow)
symptoms: dysfunction in the wrist hand and fingers, decreased grip strength, paresthesia, decreased motion and weakness |
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Term
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Definition
entrapment of the medial nerve either at or just above the elbow or in the pronator teres muscle itself. occurs where median nerve passes between superficial and deep heads of muscle. can be due to edema and hypertrophy of pronator teres muscle.
symptoms: sensory and motor defects on flexor side of forearm, paresthesia, weak pronation |
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Term
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Definition
MOI: direct blow to ulnar nerve where it lies close to the surface (funny bone). cause bleeding from ruptured capillaries that allow blood to get into nerve
symptoms: swelling, pain, electric sensation down to ring and little fingers, numbness and pain along ulnar nerve root, atrophy of muscles in hand |
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Term
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Definition
MOI: direct blow to the radial nerve of the elbow , can cause bleeding from ruptured capillaries that allow blood to get into the nerve
symptoms: swelling, pain and tenderness at elbow that radiates from elbow to hand, wrist and fingers, loss of strength of extensor muscles |
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Term
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Definition
MOI: direct blow to median nerve, can cause bleeding from ruptured capillaries that allow blood to get into the nerve
symptoms:swelling, pain, numbness down forearm and first three fingers, loss of muscle strength |
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Term
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Definition
compression of nerves and blood vessels within an enclosed space that leads to muscle and nerve damage and problems with blood flow
cause: inflammation between layers of fascia causing pain and pressure. usually from accident or crushing injury or overuse.
symptoms: severe pain that does not go away when you take pain meds or elevating the area, decreased sensation, palness/ shiny skin, weakness
management: surgery, long surgical cuts are made in the fascia to relieve the pressure |
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Term
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Definition
deformity of the hand, fingers, and wrist caused by injury to the muscles of the forearm
causes: occurs when there is lack of blood flow to the forearm due to compartment syndrome. decrease in blood flow will injure the nerves and muscles causing them to shorten and stiffen
symptoms: pain that does not improve with rest of nonsedating pain meds, continues to get worse with time, decreased sensation, weakness
management: if fracture use sling, surgery to release the pressure in forarm before any permanent injury to muscles and nerves occur |
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Term
| Osteochondritis Dissecans |
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Definition
articular cartilage at ends of bones become avascular causing cartilage and parts of bone to fall off and die. fragments then move within joint space
MOI: repetitive microtrauma in movements of elbow rotation and extension leading to compression of the radial head
symptoms:pain, collection of fluid at joint (effusion), crepitus, decrease ROM with full extension, tenderness at radiohumeral joint, complaints of catching, locking, or giving away especially if fragment is detatched
management: rest for 6-12 weeks, NSAIDS, surgery to remove loose fragments |
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Term
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Definition
chronic blows to the anterior arm from repetitive irritation of the bone which causes excessive bone formation, bony formations occur on bone. common in linemen and defense players
symptoms:painful bony mass, disabling if the radial nerve is contused, usually in the form of a spur with a palpable sharp edge on the anteriolateral surface of the humerus
management: PRICEM, agressive strengthening exercises should be avoided, if function is effected surgery may be needed to remove calcification only if it is mature (12-18 months) |
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Term
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Definition
tissue calcification caused by servere blow or repetitive blows
symptoms: pain around elbow, muscle weakness, soreness, and function, swelling, and point tenderness
management: PRICEM, padding, surgically remove calcifications |
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Term
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Definition
may be confused with epicondylitis
inflammation of periosteum due to overuse
symptoms: swelling, pain on palpation, increased pain with activity and decreases with rest |
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Term
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Definition
chronic injury that causes muscle aches/pain/ tightness that can be widespread
symptoms: point tenderness, restricted ROM, aching and soreness, possible spasms |
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Term
| Bicep and tricep contusions |
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Definition
caused when blood vessels are damaged or broken as a result of a direct blow to the skin. can become a hematoma or blood clot within the muscle
symptoms: skin discoloration, swelling, pain, possible restricted limb movement.
bicep contusion- pain with flexion
tricep contusion- pain with extension |
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Term
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Definition
known as forearm fractures, caused by direct blow or FOOSH.
symptoms: pain following a loud pop or crack, swelling, deformity, false joint feeling
related fractures: stress fracure, epiphyseal |
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Term
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Definition
known as elbow fracture caused by direct blow of FOOSH
symptoms: pain, crepitus, deformity, swelling, difficulty with extension
management: surgical anatomical alignment |
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Term
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Definition
fracture of the bone's unsealed epiphyseal line resulting in long term disruptions of future growth. usually found in adolescents between 10-16
symptoms: deformity, pain and swelling near the end of a long bone
management: reduction if possible |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the olecranon bursa due to overuse, FOOSH, blunt trauma, or just leaning on it
symptoms: pain, swelling, point tenderness, heat, redness
management: PRICEM, cortisone injections can help reduce swelling |
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Term
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Definition
bursitis caused by bacterial or viral infection due to possible open wounds, i.e. staph infection
symptoms: pain, swelling, point tenderness, heat, redness, enlarged lymph nodes
management: antibiotics, repeat aspiration, potential surgical removing of bursa sac |
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Term
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Definition
MOI: overuse or direct blow.
grade 1- mild, no tearing of fibers
grade 2- moderate, some tearing of fibers, some strength lost
grade 3- severe, complete tearing of fibers, loss of strength and function
symptoms: pain especially with motion and stretching, muscle spasms, inflammation, weakness, crepitus |
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Term
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Definition
MOI: overuse, overstretching of the muscle, sudden impact or contraction, or muscle imbalance
symptoms: pain especially with elbow extension, inflammtion, loss of strength, muscle spasms, crepitus |
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Term
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Definition
attatches to radial tuberosity, can be partially or completely torn
MOI: usually acute and common when elbow is against resistance
symptoms: pop is often heard, pain, weakness with flexion and supination, ecchymosis, buldge in upper arm, gap in anterior elbow
management: surgery during first 2-3 weeks following injury to reattach, rehab |
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Term
| Wrist Flexors/Extensors Strain |
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Definition
MOI: overuse, acute blow, or overexertion
symptoms: swelling, muscle spasms, pain on flexion/extension, point tender, range from mild to severe
management: PRICEM, PT |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the joint capsule leading to increased fibrous tissue of the collagen that forms the capsule
symptoms: pain with palpation of the ulnohumeral joint, pain and stiffness of elbow, pain in cubital fossa due to hyperextension of overuse of the joint
management: NSAID's, ice, ultrasound, rest |
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Term
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Definition
irritation of medial epicondyle due to repeated forceful flexion of the wrist. also known as Pitcher's and Golfer's Elbow
May involve pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis/ulnaris, palmaris longus
symptoms: pain around medial epicondyle during forceful wrist flexion, point tenderness, radiating pain down arm, mild swelling
management: use of sling, cryotherapy, NSAIDs, curvilinear brace (airbubble) |
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Term
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Definition
repetitive microtrauma with overuse of extensor muscles caused by an activity that involves repetitive wrist extension, supination, or heavy lifting, also known as Tennis Elbow (most common problem at the elbow)
may involve, extensor carpi radialis brevus, extensor digitorum, possibly pronator teres
symptoms: aching and pain at lateral epicondyle during and after activity, weakened hand/wrist, point tenderness, pain with wrist extension, decreased ROM
management: NSAIDS, RICE, curvilinear bracing |
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Term
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Definition
MOI: FOOSH, commonly seen in wrestling and usually displaced posteriorly or posterolaterally
relative to the humerus
symptoms:deformity, pain,swelling, no pulse, loss of feeling or radiating pain down forearm, wrist and hand
management: immobilization, transport because of the blood vessels and nerves need to be assessed , reduction |
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Term
| Ulnar Collateral Ligament Sprain |
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Definition
secondary to valgus (lateral) loading of the humeroulnar joint (i.e. pitchers throwing side arm = constant valgus pressure laterally effecting medial aspect)
symptoms: pain on medial aspect of elbow that increases with movement, possible swelling, tensile forces can effect c8, tenderness
management: stop activity causing pain, strengthen muscles around area, stabilize against valgus forces |
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Term
| Radial Collateral Ligament |
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Definition
MOI: injury to RCL is rare because body shields the elbow from varus forces and the stresses of the elbow are usually absorbed by the UCL and extensor muscles
symptoms: pain, laxity, weakness during pronation and supination, pain on lateral aspect of elbow that increases with pain, swelling, tenderness
management: strengthening wrist flexor muscles, local modalities |
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Term
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Definition
Surgery most frequently performed on pitchers and athletes who are constantly performing throwing activities which cause the elbow to become too loose and unstable
symptoms: pain in elbow during and after throwing activities, numbness and tingling in hand from stretching the ulnar nerve at elbow,
surgery should eliminate the symptoms with main goal of return to play without pain. palmaris longus usually is women in a figure 8 pattern through holes that are drilled in the ulna and humerus |
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Term
| Bones on the lateral side of the elbow |
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Definition
Humerus
Capitulum
Radial Fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral supracondylar ridge |
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Term
| Bones on the medial side of the elbow |
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Definition
Coronoid fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Trochlea fossa |
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Term
| Bones on posterior side of elbow |
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Definition
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Term
| Three articulations in the elbow |
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Definition
Humeroulnar joint
Humeroradial joint
Proximal Radioulnar joint |
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Term
| Medial Collateral Ligament (UCL) |
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Definition
medial epicondyle to medial margin of the ulna's trochlear notch
3 bands:
anterior- primary restraint against valgus forces
transverse
posterior- aids in thickening the capsule |
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Term
| Lateral Collateral Ligament (RCL) |
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Definition
| lateral epicondyle to annular ligament |
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Term
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Definition
fits tightly around radial head and neck
anterior fibers- taught in extreme supination
posterior fibers- taught in extreme pronation |
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Term
| Wrist Flexors (medial side) |
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Definition
originate at medial epicondyle as common tendon
flexors:
1. pronator teres
2. flexor carpi radialis
3. palmaris longus
4. flexor carpi ulnaris |
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Term
| Wrist Extensors (lateral side) |
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Definition
extensors:
1. brachioradialis- lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus to radial styloid process
2. extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis- make fist, offer resistance to dorsum of hand, 2nd and 3rd metacarpals) |
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Term
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Definition
1. brachialis
2. biceps brachii
3. brachioradialis- only muscle in the body that extends from distal end of one bone to the distal end of another |
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Term
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Definition
triceps- 3 heads:
1. long- posteromedial arm
2. lateral- posterolateral arm
3. medial- under long |
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Term
| Muscles that allow supination |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles that allow pronation |
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Definition
pronator teres
pronator quadratus |
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Term
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Definition
male- 5 degrees
female- 10-15 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| one scapula is lower than the other |
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Term
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Definition
| arm internally rotated behind back, adducted |
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Term
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Definition
three types of fibers
middle fibers- abduct 180
ORIGIN: acromion
INSERT: deltoid tubericle
anterior fibers: flex and internally rotate
ORIGIN: clavicle
INSERT: medial humerus
posterior fibers: extend and externally rotate
ORIGIN: inferior spine of scap
INSERT: deltoid tubercle |
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Term
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Definition
elevation
depression
retraction and upward rotation of scapula
ORIGIN: cervical spinous process
INSERT: lateral clavicle, spine of scapula and acromion |
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Term
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Definition
elevate
downward rotate scapula
ORIGIN: cervical transverse process
INSERT: superior angle of scapula |
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Term
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Definition
retract
elevate and downward rotate scap
ORGIN: spinous processes
INSERT: medial border of scap |
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