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European Security
Midterm
99
International Studies
Undergraduate 3
10/17/2010
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Term
CSDP
 Definition
o Speaking with 1 voice
o Establish ESDI – relation with NATO
o New decision making structure
 PSC
• EUMC + CIVCOM
 EU Council Summit
o New areas of external actions
 Petersburg tasks – 3 areas of action
• Humanitarian
• Peacekeeping
• Crisis management
o New military/civilian capabilities: establish goals
Term
Headline Goals
 Definition
Broad outline of military objectives in “Strategic Strategy”
o a rough Force Catalogue from which would be drawn appropriate resources for a range of hypothetical European missions, including Petersburg Tasks
Term
Supremacy
 Definition
EU law>national law
o Costa vs. ENEL
 Italian government wanted to nationalize electricity so resident Costa stopped paying bills because he was going to lose money in private electricity shares
 Ruling: italian government is fine, if EU regulates internally, those same issues can be acted externally
Term
St. Malo Summit
 Definition
EU should act on its own militarily (led by Chirac and Blair)
o creation of ESDP/CSDP – EU has crisis management/military capability
o True catalyst/reconciliation regarding the conflict in the Balkans
Term
Chirac
 Definition
French president who wanted to develop EU military capability
o Proposed a referendum where France decides whether the country should ratify the proposed treaty for a constitution of the EU
Term
Kohl
 Definition
German chancellor interested in developing common currency (EMU)
o free market
o reform of the welfare state and
o lowering taxation
o committed to European integration
o committed to German Reunification
o Supported policies to weaken USSR
Term
Catherine Ashton
 Definition
High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
o Formulate, prepare and implement FOPO
o Can negotiate for the EU
o Appointed by European Council
o Passed the Lisbon treaty in the UK
o She’s in charge of CFSP
Term
Three models of multi-level governance

Integration Loop
 Definition
Individuals interact more transnationally
 Institutions create rules which generates a spill over>EU is supranational
• Member states become reactive, not pro active
 ECJ is an example
Term
De Gaspieri
 Definition
Italian leader
 supported Schuman and Monnet plans
 writer of EDC
Term
Barrosso
 Definition
President of the Commission
o Highest ranking unelected official
o Goals: Focus on environmental issues, security and identity issues, renew optimism
o Not ambitious for more integration
o Issues of first term
 * Turkey applying for EU membership
 * The reform of the institutions (Treaty of Lisbon)
 * The Bolkestein directive, aimed at creating a single market for services within the EU
 * Lisbon Strategy
 * Galileo positioning system
 * Doha Development Agenda negotiations
 * European Institute of Innovation and Technology
 * An EU climate change package
o Get Ireland to accept the Lisbon
Term
Van Rompuy
 Definition
President of the European Council
o First in the permanent presidency
o 2.5 year term (renewable once)
o Little personality
o Maintaining status quo
o Delegates FOPO issues among people
Term
Organization for European Economic Integration
 Definition
Single EU market involving US
Term
EU Founding Fathers
 Definition
Spinelli, Churchill, Schuman, Monet, de Gaspieri, Adenauer, Spaak, Hallstein
Term
Enlargement
 Definition
Starting in 1973, EU started expanding
o First – UK, Denmark, Ireland
o Second – Mediterranean
o Third – Spain, Portugal
o Fourth – Neutral countries
o Fifth – Central/Eastern Europe
o Acquis communiataire – Schengen Agreement and SEA
Term
GATT
 Definition
US created international forum for economics
o US proposed this against the EFTA
Term
European Identity
 Definition
a political community needs a common set of values and references to ensure its coherence, to guide its actions and to endow these with legitimacy and meaning
o With the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, and the founding of the 'European Union' with 1992's Maastricht Treaty - which gave the European Communities new and stronger competences in a wide range of areas (such as foreign affairs, security and defence), two issues gained renewed urgency:
 defining the EU's borders and boosting the political legitimacy
o the Union shall promote the diversity of its cultures, while "bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore
o Two ways to characterize Europe: modern EU and white Christian EU, which actually has contributed to the integration process
 “modern Europe” resonates with national narratives, historical memories, and symbols in different ways.
o Main problems: Opponents argue that this view is a form of 'Euro-nationalism' that leads to exclusionary policies within European societies (as regards non-European immigrants) and the polarisation of global politics, citing the "clash of civilisations"
Term
o Normative power
 Definition
ability to persuade other countries of certain norms
 Eu persuaded central/eastern european countries to rid death penalty
Term
Coreper (Permanent Reps)
 Definition
ambassadors to EU in Council , they talk to political and security committee, as well as doing most of the council of ministers work, actually far more powerful in practice than on paper
o Represent national government views
o Set council agendas
Term
Mutual Recognition
 Definition
can’t ban other countries products
o Cassis de Dijon – Germans didn’t want to sell French alcohol because it was not enough alcohol content, was overruled
Term
Direct Effect
 Definition
citizens protected by EU not just national government
o Van Gend en Loos vs. netherlands – dutch importer brought goods from Germany and was charged customs duties at border, ruling: Dutch wrong to charge b/c community law
Term
National and EU Strategic Culture
 Definition
common mindset which leads to common understanding/approach to security
o MS have different national strategies that underpin defense
o Level of Ambition: politically defined statement of what governments want their armed forces to be able to do
 high ambition: reforming armed forces to be easily deployable and ready
 middle ambition: maybe reform a little
o Threat Perception: whether a country thinks there is still a threat to the territory
 some countries maintain the need to defend their countries while others see no threat
Term
Charles De Gaulle
 Definition
confederalist (interdependence without federalism)
o French President, important role b/c France is main power/voice @ table
o Strong Intergovernmentalist but did make Supranational actions
 Intergovernmental
• Vetoed UK membership twice
• Empty chair “6 months France out”
• Luxembourg compromise – use unanmity voting instead of QMV, France veto power
• US, UK, France together, no NATO needed
 Supra National
• Suppported EEC
• Heavily funded and supported CAP + CCP
• Fouchet Plan support (another EDC)
o Not focused on US, focused on national market
o Strict to ideology/realist
 Nationalism – nation state is primary actor
 Independence – external actions promote french name
 Military force – use EU to balance against US
Term
Risse
 Definition
constructivist
o Human rights effected by transnational and domestic civil society and state structures
o Economic development and democratization do not forcibly go together
o Europeanization: integration of governmental structures, popular identity or mix of both
o Member states with similar institutional infrastructures change in similar ways
o EU has strengthened state executive branches
o Risse accounts for the differences in domestic change with the concept of uploading and downloading. The older member states determined the structural norms of the European Union, that is, they “uploaded” their own governmental model, so “downloading” their own model will not require great change. The new Eastern European member states could only “download” the models and change their governmental and social structures in accordance.
o Changes only occur when there is a misfit between countries own model and EU model
o Change is either a redistribution of resources between social groups and government or the social learning of new norms/identities
o “Europeanization changes nation-states by exerting adaptational pressures. Europeanization by itself is a necessary but not sufficient condition for domestic change. When there are changes at the European level, the first question one must ask is how closely these changes fit with what already exists at the domestic level. Poor fit implies strong adaptational pressure; good fit implies weak pressure. A country whose domestic institutions are perfectly compatible with Europeanization experiences no adaptational pressure. In such a case, we expect no domestic institutional change.
Where adaptational pressures exist, we do not necessarily foresee significant domestic change. National and subnational governments may simply avoid doing anything to respond, in which case there will be an implementation deficit. Whether or not a country adjusts its institutional structure to Europe will depend on the presence or absence of mediating factors.”
Term
Schengen
 Definition
creation of borderless zones, free movement of people in countries apart of agreement
o Includes non EU member states
o Amsterdam treaty included this into EU
Term
o Smart power
 Definition
effective combination of hard/soft
 Soft power with hard power backup
Term
Jacques Delors
 Definition
federalist
o Support for monetary union
o Subsidiarity – if countries can achieve the problem, then keep it national; if they can’t than promote it to a cooperation of states issue
 Rejection of federalism means return of ugly nationalism
o Alignment of European social democracy
o As president of commission instituted pro-labour legislation
o World events and global interdependence necessitated the strengthening of Community institutions and the expansion of the join exercise of sovereignty.
Term
Mitterand
 Definition
federalist
o advocated for a strong executive to form the necessary basis for the sharing of sovereignty
o supported france relationship with colonies
o didn’t want german reunification but thought it was unavoidable
o helped SEA come into effect
o wrote the Masstricht Treaty
o helped enlargement
o centralized European banking system, a common currency, and a unified foreign policy
Term
Spinelli
 Definition
federalist (everything created at once, build institutions for economics)
 Denoted father of Europe
 Pan government revolution needed
 Fascism naturally comes and therefore nation states will feel urge
 Functionalists are too ad-hoc, inefficient, doesn’t preserve democracy
• In crises, federalist system works – all ready built and prepared
 More political correct and usable than functionalism
Term
o Civilian power
 Definition
first action of political dimension
 EU accepts the neccessity to cooperate to seek international aims
 Diplomatic/non military mean
Term
Hallstein
 Definition
first commission president
Term
European Diplomatic Service
 Definition
foreign ministry and diplomatic service for EU
o Setup delegations all over the world
o Oversee aid and humanitarian budget
o Improve relations with specific country
Term
Monet
 Definition
functionalist
 Denoted architect of Europe
 Monet plan – Ruhr and Saar valleys>use German land to reconstruct France
 Men and women must learn to control themselves in their relations with others. This can only be done through institutions; and it is this need for common institutions that we have learnt in Europe since the war.
 After all the fights and differences, the countries of Europe are now uniting in a Common Market which is laying the foundations for political union.
• Treaty of Rome extended the Common Market in 1957 from coal and steel to an economic union embracing all goods.
 Common action, as the core of the European Community, must obey common rules which each member is committed to respect, and common institutions to watch over the application of these rules.
 New method of action replaces the efforts at domination of nation states by a constant process of collective adaptation to new conditions, a chain reaction, a ferment where one change induces another
Term
Schuman
 Definition
functionalist
 Schuman plan – integration of French/German control for mining, other countries could join
 Europe will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity
 Later became ECSC
Term
David Mittrany
 Definition
functionalist (meeting needs as they arrive, incremental integration)
Term
Democratic Deficit Debate
 Definition
gap between powers/institutions and ability of citizens to influence decisions
o Gaps
 Gap between power of EU institutions and citizens
 Gap between power of Comissions and Council compared to Parliament
 Triggered by end of permissive consensus
o Arguments For
 EP limited role in FOPO
 CFSP is intergovernmental
 Poor public opinon
 Elections have low voter turnout
 Domestic leaders don’t discuss EU issues
 Knowledge deficit among populace
o Arguments Against
 Maintain FOPO with speed and secrecy
 All leaders are democratically voted
 EP is young, old or failed politicians
 More people trust EU than national levels
 EU process more democratic than national governments
 Knowledge deficit is citizens problem
 How does democracy apply to a non nation state?
Term
European Security Strategy
 Definition
having a common strategic culture , defined new dangers that they have to tackle
o De prioritize US
o Humanitarian intervention increase
o Prioritize territorial defense (non state actor)
o 2008 evaluation
 Enlargement: increase democracy around world
 Reduced poverty and inequality
 Military/civilian capabilities has helped terrorist threat
 Multilateral UN (US Iraq invasion decreased UN credibility)
Term
European Council
 Definition
heads of state meet periodically to guide direction of EU integration
Term
o Superpower
 Definition
hegemonic vs. multipolarity
Term
Constructivism
 Definition
history of EU, identity, culture, ideas and traditions
 Let other countries in b/c moral obligation
 Values>they are all European, suffered same histories
• all paid same price during war
Term
What is the purpose of the three models of multi-level governance ?
 Definition
how power is shared among different levels of governance
Term
Council of Europe
 Definition
hugely unsuccessful forum of debate
o First national attempt at integrating European economies
 Originally supposed to do what Steel and Coal did
o Problem:
 Far from capital; easy to forget about
 So intergovernmental, couldn’t do what the European steel production did
 Forum for debate; human rights, education, culture (low politics issues)
Term
Federalism
 Definition
immediate creation of consitution
• 2 levels of government
• Each level has autonmous jurisdiction
• Rights guaranteed by constitution
Term
Institutionalism
 Definition
institution adapts, improvise and become stronger
Term
Lindberg
 Definition
integration is a process, not condition
o defend and advance neofunctionalism
o Institutions help precipitate unity
o Political groups restructure expectations and activities in response to integration
o Member states must want to integrate to continue it
 Spill over
o states shift activities and loyalities to new center: EU
o Criteria
 ‘Central institutions and policies must develop’ (156)
• ‘New central institutions help “precipitate unity”; political groups’ (151).
 ‘The tasks assigned to these institutions must be important enough and specific enough to activate socioeconomic processes to which conventional int’l organizations have no access’ (156)
 ‘These tasks must be inherently expansive’ (156) &
 ‘Member states must continue to see their interest as consistent with the enterprise’ (156)
Term
Margaret Thatcher
 Definition
intergovernmental functionalist
o Deeper market integration
o Willing/activeness of cooperation between soverign states
o Policies aimed at present practical problems
• Community policies should be directed at common public problems
o Deregulation – states should be small, free trade
 Against social and regional policies as well as monetary union
o Hated the European Monetary System because of the proposition of floating sterling
Term
Churchill
 Definition
intergovernmentalist functionalist
 Believed because of the wars, European Union needed to be made but UK not a part of it
• First: Germany and France partnership
 Sought more political gain/union for peace, not economically motivated
Term
ECJ
 Definition
interpret and ensure follow through of laws
Term
o Soft power
 Definition
making others believe your countrys attractive
 EU attracts others by attractiveness of its own culture
Term
Path-dependence
 Definition
may have reasons but after 1st choice is made, your on a path
 Sunk/fixed costs – can’t turn back
Term
Athena Mechanism
 Definition
mechanism established by the EU to administer the financing of common costs of operations having military or defense implications
o Member states pay in proportion of their GDP
o Silent Procedure: stay quiet if you don’t want to help
o This budget pays for military capabilities
Term
Council of the EU
 Definition
most powerful and intergovernmental institution
o Passes laws with EP
o Coordinates broad economic/poltical policies
o Conclude international agreements
o Treaties are primary legislation, laws are secondary legislation
Term
EDA
 Definition
o Article 296: armaments excluded then tried to fix the blip
o UK + France created
o Establish economies of scale, tough, competitive, defense workforce
o 26 defense ministers coordinate/integrate R&D equipment
 Not create but increase EU military capabilites and interoperability
o Promote transparency by name and shame
o Promoe long term vision
o Very secretive
Term
Capabilities Gap
 Definition
o Between what they have and can do
o What Ruope can do and what US can do
o Reasons
 because of declining and aging populations
 EU convergence criteria – national deficit should be less than 3% GDP
o EU spending inefficiently and duplicating causing waste of money
Term
Blair
 Definition
o British Labour Party politician who served as Quartete on Middle East for EU
o European and Security Defense Policy – develop EU military capability (Saint Malo)
o Wanted to revise treaties like Charter of Fundamental rights to make EU unconstitutional and unstatelike appearance
Term
• Challenges to achieving common defense
 Definition
o Capabilities Gap
 Efficient spending
o Demographic Challenge
o EU HQ
o Development of EU strategic culture
o Energy security – EU is heavily reliant on non member states>must work on research technology
o Unstable neighbors – Russia + Middle East
o Problems with Headline Goal
 Voluntary, bottom up contributions can’t promise the delivery of troops
 But top down approaches threaten sovereignty
Term
Key FP leadership positions
 Definition
o Commission President – Barroso, FOPO in common areas (development aid, trade, human rights)
o EU council president – Van Rampuy, CFSP (Iraq war response, financial crisis)
o Council FOPO chief – Ashton, formulate, prepare and implement FOPO, CFSP (military capabilities, sanctions, diplomacy)
Term
Co-decision/Community Method
 Definition
o Commission proposes legislation to both EP and Council
o Commission has the right to create initiatives and is working towards a better integration of the EU
Term
Criteria for joining the EU
 Definition
o Copenhagen Criteria
 Absorption capacity – even if candidates follow through with everything, they can be rejected
 Democratic structure – stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy
 Protection of minorities
 Functioning economic market
 Take on obligations of membership
• Including Acqim
o Whole body of EU legislation
o Divided in chapters, candidates can gradually fill
Term
Parliament
 Definition
o Create budget
o Consultative role in CFSP
o Suffer democratic deficit
o Pass legislation
o Democratic supervision/monitor council
o Only democratic institution>linkage to citizens
Term
Impact of Lisbon on FOPO
 Definition
o Creation of the EU FOPO chief
 Permanent structured cooperation
 Enhanced CFSP
o Did not demand too much change/just an amending treaty
 Security policy – mutual defense clause
 Diplomatic Service
 Single legal personality
 Enhanced co op
 UK can opt out
Term
Treaty of Rome (1957)
 Definition
o Dismantle all tariff barriers over a 12 year period to create a common market
o 3 four-year phases
o In first phase-
 Forming common market
• Free circulation of goods, persons, capital, services
o 2nd phase-
 Eliminating trade barriers among the Six
• To not pay taxes
o 3rd phase-
 Institutionalizing a common tariff for outside countries
o Able to finish before 12 year deadline
 Immediately felt the economic gain; money-making; driving this early process along before being concerned with social/environmental policy
o CAP
 60% of EU’s common budget
 Decreased to 40%; spearheaded by the French
 Farmers were protected and worried that their subsidies and prices would suffer in agricultural setting
• Concerned about protection in EU aspect
o Monopolies
o Transportation
o Euratom
o Gradualism
 Focused on close targets that were achieved quickly
 Flexible (if needed more gradualism/adjustment/gradual time line, then given)
 Unanimity
• Wanted it to be supra-national, more comfortable
Term
Three pillars
 Definition
o Economic Union – Supranational using community integration method to hang issues
 Only pillar with legal personality
o CFSP – intergovernmental that takes care of FOPO and military
o Internal Security – intergovernmental policing cooperation, has merged with 1st pillar
Term
WEU
 Definition
o Go more than just emergency security
 UK very influential
 West Germany to rearm
 Increased influence because of EDC failure
o Integration encouraged
Term
Joint Situation Center (Citsen)
 Definition
o New CIA?
o Bring intelligence for analysis
 Produces separate intel that no national agency is willing to gather
 Not all countries involved
 Civilian Intel cell – temporary transfer of members from national governments to share intelligence
Term
Single European Act
 Definition
o New major groups that are emerging
o Common market to a single market; made the biggest common market into the BIGGEST single market
o Single market includes regulation to make it more efficient
o Members of a common market must remove physical borders, technical standards of goods and fiscal taxes of certain goods
o Was criticized (didn’t go far enough) & praised
o Eventually accepted; closer to Thatcher’s preferences compared to Delors
Term
Difference between the EU and other IOs and EU vs. a nation-state

IO
 Definition
o No autonomous power
 They don’t have the power to enforce decisions like raising taxes
o No authority to impose
o Some have national governments, some don’t
o Membership voluntary – only moral pressure to join/stay
Term
Military and Civilian Capabilities
 Definition
o Perception in world and media that sees EU and Europe as weak in military and security realm
o CSDP: more civilian than military
o Military
 Battle groups – quickly deployable and designed to go out of Europe
 Eurocorps – few states give a lot of troops and conduct operations outside of EU
 Euro Forces – have naval and army forces
 Berlin Plus- EU use NATO capabilities/assets>European Chain of command
• Can also use NATO or national headquarters
 Force Generation – ask member states to contribute for an operation
 Force Catalogue – what EDA has and what EDA needs
 EDA – push member states to contribute more
o Civilian
 European Gendarmerie – police rapid response groups
 Force Generation – rounds or recruiting
 Capabilities Catalogue – EDA database of what EU has
 Civilian Headline Goal – numbers needed for an operation
 Civilian Response Teams – teams waiting/available, mixture of people
Term
Euro pessimists
 Definition
o Pessimists
 Will EU become federalism?
• Nations will never give up sovereignty to a supranational organization
• EU won’t survive
 CSDP won’t work, how can they all agree together?
 It is going to clash with NATO
 Other Reasons
• Oil shocks – rapid increase in oil price
• Bretton woods ending
• US trade deficit – inflationary pressure, float dollar
• Failed EMU
• Regime change – resurgence of communism, terrorism and financial collapse
o No stability each country starts thinking about itself
Term
Europol
 Definition
o Police training (Mentioned in Mastricht Treaty)
o Constantly exchange information of police activities: catch criminals
 EU arrest warrant: system combine info and arrest
o Has legal personality>can act as a nation to sign agreements with other non member states
o Will it become a new FBI?
 Functionalist – no further integration
 Neofunctionalism – spillover
 Intergovernmental – no further integration
 Path dependence – if Europol is getting stronger , then it will continue to strengthen
 Institutionalism – institutions take life of their own>evolve
o Very transparent
Term
Civilian crisis priority areas
 Definition
o Police – assisting/training local police
o Rule of law – strengthening local legal system
o Civilian administration – hold elections, run social services, run government services, taxation etc
o Civil protection – riots/protests, EU send out teams that go beyond normal police work
o Monitoring – during crisis, monitor borders or human rights
o Generic Support – an overseas operation is run by a diplomat and this group provides him/her help
Term
Schuman Plan (Treaty of Paris)
 Definition
o Proposed integration of France/Germany coal and steel industries and joint control
o Other countries of Europe would be allowed to join this arrangement of steel/coal industries
o High authority, commission, etc.
o Internationalizing the plan to other states, Monnet believed would boost the economic plan
Term
Maastricht
 Definition
o Thatcher still in power but driven out by Major
o 15 member states; not equipped to deal with bigger EU (2000’s)
o Delors had a great influence on this treaty
o Commission President (Delors), French President (Mitterand) wanted common currency to weaken Germany’s currency; German chancellor (Kohl) was intertwined and made Maastricht possible
o Impact
 Economic aspect, idea of common currency  European central banks (ECB) to establish the margins of fluctuations from a centralized place.
 Political aspect  Power of parliament went up (only democratically elected institution), more qualified majority voting (QMV), more social/environmental/regional (all aspects of Single European Act) enacting these policies and CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy)
Term
Difference between the EU and other IOs and EU vs. a nation-state


EU
 Definition
o The EU has a complex system of treaties and laws that are applicable to all the member states and their citizens.
o The European Court of Justice overrides member state courts and EU law supersedes national law.
o There are directly elected representatives in the European Parliament. As the powers of the European Parliament grow, the powers of national legislatures decline.
o The EU budget gives EU institutions elements of financial independence.
o The European Commission has the authority to oversee negotiations with third parties on behalf of all the member states when given authority.
o 15 member states have transferred monetary policy from their own national central bank to the European Central Bank and have 1 currency (the euro).
Term
CFSP
 Definition
o Through pillars was separated from other policy areas
o Integrated and common market
o Compulsory pooling
o Council decides when unanimity voting occurs
o Binding policies
o Single voice
 Didn’t happen in Kosovo or Iraq: supporter, opposer, neutral
o Controversies
 NATO
 Federalist vs. intergovernmentalist
 How to execute plans?
 Covering different fundamental rights
Term
EFTA
 Definition
o Uk proposed counterbalance of free trade to common market, US against
Term
EU budget
 Definition
o budget it approximately 130 million euro annually.
o The EU obtains most of its revenue indirectly by payments from treasuries of member states.
o Also receives money through taxing imports (import duties) into the EU
o Agriculture is the biggest expenditure on budget at around 45%
o Next is structural actions at around 30%
o about 6.7% of the EU budget is used to run the EU itself.
o Breakdown
 1. Sustainable growth
• 1a. Competitiveness for growth and employment
• 1b. Cohesion for growth and employment
 2. Preservation and management of natural resources
 3. Citizenship, freedom, security and justice
• 3a. Freedom, security and justice
• 3b. Citizenship
 4. The European Union as a global player
 5. Administration
 6. Compensations (related to the latest enlargement of the Union)
Term
Commission
 Definition
o create new policies to benefit EU
o ensure implementation, mediator to follow thorugh and maintain laws
o Subsidiarity – if a national country handles it better, keep the issue there
o Commission President – sets agenda, highest ranking unelected official
o Services – bureaucratic part
o High Directorate Generals are placed on common foreign policy tasks such as security/trade
o Long term planning for foreign policy goals
o Problems
 bureaucratic drift – trying too much, too much power/responsibility
 scapegoat for member state problems (only supranational part)
Term
Three models of multi-level governance

Decision hierarchy
 Definition
policy shaping constructivist theory
 Super systemic - states
 Systemic- institutions
 Subsystemic - networks
Term
• Supranational vs. Intergovernmental in CSDP area
 Definition
practice is supranational but paper is intergovernmental
o intergovernmental: focus on economics and down plays the successes
o supranationalism: a bigger step towards integration
Term
Adenauer
 Definition
prime minister of germany
 Helped Franco German relations and creation of ECSC
Term
Petersburg Tasks
 Definition
provide deployable, professional intervention forces geared to ‘out of area’ crisis management
o Humanitarian/rescue
o Peacekeeping
o Combat force in crisis management
Term
Moravcsik
 Definition
rationalist
o Developed liberal intergovernmentalism – specific functional national interests
 Rational incentive to construct institutions
 Dominant forces in politics: social interdependence, globalization
 Fundamental way of understanding some of ir theory
o Enlargement is b/c of rational choice
 Each leader decided to join because they calculated economic and geopolitical consequences of enlargement for their domestic societies
 Those that gain the most through Coop are willing to compromise the most
Term
NATO
 Definition
rearm germany, groups in both EU/NATO
Term
ECSC
 Definition
succeeded because it was small, money-making and functionalist,
o aims were smaller
 sustainable answer to Germany
 few decades before expansion
Term
o Hard power
 Definition
use of military or economic power to get others to act in certain ways
 Threatning sanctions
 EU has a lot of hard power but they don’t use it
Term
QMV
 Definition
voting with calculated representation
o Majority vote consists of 15/27
o Must represent 65% of EU population
Term
Operational HQ
 Definition
where will it be? Will it compromise NATO? 3 different locations
Term
Historical development and problem
 Definition
• Development of the EU began to form at the end of WWII and stemmed from security issues
o Wanted to ensure peace and reconstruct economy/infrastructure
o Had to form sense of interdependence to ensure that no war would occur in the future
o Problem:
 German Nationalism
 Wanted to find ways to deal with Germany better
 Terms were made but weren’t strong enough to keep German nationalism down and from rising again
 Failure to deal with this and combination of other factors led to WWII
o Post-WWII era
• US offered Marshall Aid to include Germany in EU; evidence of transatlantic relationship from the beginning
• Wanted to make Germany relevant and include it in Europe but also did not want to make them a hegemonic power again
Term
Functionalism
 Definition
• Meeting needs as they arrive, incremental integration
• Build organizations as problems arrive, aimed at effiency
• Practical hands off approach
• Against constitution
• More technical
• Saw federalism as end goal
• Biggest flaw: too ad hoc, inefficient, doesn’t deserve democracy
Term
Difference between the EU and other IOs and EU vs. a nation-state

State
 Definition
• States are the primary actors in the global system
o World divided among 200 states
o Is a legal entity
o Fixed territory
o Sovereignty
o Legally and politically independent
o It has legitimacy (recognized by others states)
Term
intergovernmentalism
 Definition
 Bigger powers like this, smaller powers don’t
 EU can’t go far, nation states are gate keepers
Term
Rotating vs. Permanent President

New System
 Definition
 Permanent president
 Promoter of iniatives
 Eliminate change>long term objectives
 No wait for your turn
Term
Euro-optimists
 Definition
 Regional - distribute Europe money by regions
 Social – equal opportunity, labor unions, minimum standards
 Environmental
 Time for EU to live up to its global responsibility
• Integration/federalism
o Will help Europe flourish and become bigger global player
 Nice mixture of civilians military capability
 Integration and growth of EU is example of increased progress
• EU is able to function in international system, and nations have given up some sovereignty
Term
Rotating vs. Permanent President

Old System
 Definition
 Rotate presidency
 Promoter of iniatives
• Trio’s
 Member state could pursure national interest
 No matter size/power fair representation
 Hastyness to pass policy
 Closer to citizens
Term
Supranationalism
 Definition
 Small powers like this, bigger powers don’t
 EU will improve because nation states will change for 1 center: EU
Term
Three models of multi-level governance

Institutional Hierarchy
 Definition
 Subnational - networks
 National - states
 Supranational - institutions
Term
Spaak
 Definition
 one of the leading figures for the Treaty of Rome
 leading in Treaty of Rome, called “Mr. Europe,”
 proposed objectives of atomic energy and wider economic organization be realized in separate treaties—instrumental in creating the EEC
Term
neo-functionalism
 Definition
 predicts what will happen
 spill over effect – future integration becomes a consequence of past integration
• emphasized technical and political areas
• only works for specific time periods or policies
 biggest flaw: nationa state is at core, they make decisions
Term
rationalism
 Definition
 self-interest
 focus on economics
• EU is world most interdependent economic system>countries can’t leave or they will lose GDP
 Short term outlook on costs/benefits
 Its good to enlarge> increase soft security (more democracy)
• More people exposed to market, boost economy
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