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Eukaryotic M.O
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74
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/12/2011

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Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
_______ are hard to kill because they are too similar to our cells
Term
Fungi
Definition
there are >100,000 species of ______, but only 20 are pathogenic to humans.
Term
Mushrooms
Definition
Fungi Characteristics:_______ have a very common shape that we are familiar with.
Term
Yeasts
Definition
Fungi Characteristics:
_______ are single celled and oval shaped.
Term
Molds
Definition
Fungi Characteristics:
_____ are filamentous or hyphiae. A mass of hyphiae is knwon as MYCELIUM.
Term
Dimorphism
Definition
Fungi Characteristics:
-depends on the enviroment
Yeast <----> Mold
-yeast at body temp.
-mold at room temp.
***MOST FUNGI PATHOGENS ARE THIS!
Term
Mildly Acidic
Definition
Fungi Nutrition:
To grow, Fungi prefer a ____ ____ environment.
Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition
Fungi Nutrition:
Fungi tend to resist ______ _____. This is a factor of it's cell wall.
Term
Increased salt, Increased Sugar, & H2O.
Definition
Fungi Nutrition:
Fungi can tolerate ___(1)___, ___(2)___, ___(3)___. This is a factor of it's cell wall.
Term
Low
Definition
Fungi Nutrition:
Fungi can grow in ___ moisture. This is a factor of it's cell wall.
Term
Degredative Enzymes
Definition
Fungi Nutrition:
They tend to secrete ______ _____ to absorb nutrients. Pathogens do this but to break down cells. There are a wide range of these abilities.
Term
Chitin
Definition
The fungi cell wall is composed typically of ______; a very protective, highly supportive, hard to break down substance.
Term
Ergosterol
Definition
In place of our Cholesterol, Fungi have ________ in their Cell Membranes.
Term
TRUE.
Definition
True or False:
Fungi have the same phospholipid bilayer and proteins in their Cell Membrane.
Term
80S.
Definition
Like our Ribosomes (site of protein synthesis), Fungi have ____. Because of this the Ribosomes should be the target of antibiotics only in a LAST CASE SCENARIO.
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
Fungi Treatment Targets:
-We target this to block Chitin synthesis, as it is not made in the human body.
Term
Ergosterol
Definition
Fungi Treatment Targets:
-We attack the synthesis of ______ or block the incorporation of it into the cell membrane.
Term
Toxin Synthesis
Definition
Fungi Treatment Targets:
In many cases, ______ ______ is the problem being caused by the Fungi.
They can be:
-Aflatoxins(Neurotoxins): where a pin prick amount is deadly
-Ergot
-Psychotrohpic Agents that cause hallucinations.
Term
Growth, Form, and Type of Infection
Definition
Fungi are classified by these three things:
(1) ______
(2) ______
(3) _____ __ _______.
Term
Yeast
Definition
_____ are single celled Fungi that may have capsules. If they have capsules, they are much more pathogenic.
-Cryptococcus neoformans is an example.
Term
Budding
Definition
Yeast reproduce by _______.
Term
Mold
Definition
_____ are Fungi that have hyphae/mycelium, rapid growth, and reproduce asexually.
Term
Superficial Mycosis/Mycoses
Definition
are fungi that infect the surface of skin or hair.
Term
Cuatneous and subcutaneous mycoses
Definition
are fungi that infect nails and deep layers of skin
Term
Zycomycota
Definition
Fungi that are not pathogenic
Term
Saprobes
Definition
Zycomycota that get nutrients from dead things.
Term
Ascomycota
Definition
Fungi that are plant pathogens (rust, powdering mildew)
-they cause food spoilage
-used to produce antibiotics ex. penicillin.
Term
Mycology
Definition
_______ is the study of Fungi
Term
--mycota
Definition
and time you see --____ at the end of the word it is FUNGI!
Term
Basidiomycota
Definition
______ are decomposers; mushrooms that can attack and kill the liver
-Cryptococcus
Term
Deuteromycota
Definition
____ are known as the "imperfect fungi" because they can not sexually reproduce.
Term
Lichen
Definition
green, dual partnership.
hypahl fungus + cyanobacterium or algae =
______.
--they are photosynthetic
Term
Protozoa
Definition
these are:
-eukaryotic
-unicellular
-lack a cell wall
-free living, so they need NO host
-potential parasites of humans and animals
-prevalent in tropical/subtropical regions
-typically motile via flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia
-various sizes
-require a moist environment
Term
Protozoa
Definition
Nutrient sources of a _______: typically bacteria, decaying organic material, other _____, or host tissue.
Term
Trophozoites
Definition
Life forms of a protozoa:-motile form where it is actively feeding and requires a lot of moisture and food.
-***this stage typically causes infection
Term
Cysts
Definition
Life forms of a protozoa:
-dormant stage when decreased water and food are in the environment.
-may be airborne
-infective form must be inhaled/ingested, then goes back to trophozoic stage.
Term
(1) Intracellular
(2) Extracelular
Definition
If parasites have the ability to cause disease, they may be ___(1)___ or ___(2)___.
Term
Archaezoa
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes: -have no mitochondria
-have mitosomes (remnant of mitochondria)
-spindle shaped, point at one end.
**2 or more flagella at anterior end (head)
ex. Tricomonas vaginalis
Giardia intesinalis
Term
Mitosomes
Definition
remnants of a true mitochondria
Term
Microspora
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes:
-have NO mitochondria
-have no microtubules, which make cilia and flagella in a eukary.
-are obligate intracellular parasites
-can have a cyst stage
Term
obligate intracellular parasites
Definition
________ _______ _______ must have a host cell to move.
Ex. Microspora
Term
Ciliophora
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes:
______ use cilia for motility
-have 2 nuclei
-ex. Balantidium coli
Term
__________ & _______
Definition
Ciliophora parasites have 2 nuclei, they are: ________ & ________.
Term
Euglenozoa
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes:
-are free living forms of parasites that have flagella
Term
Hemoflagellates
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes:
-are blood parasites that are typically transmitted by blood sucking insects. They have longs slender bodies and undulating membranes.
Term
True
Definition
True or False: Bug transmissions have no cyst stage because they always have a host.
Term
Amoebozoa
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes:
-amoebas. Move by pseudopodia
Term
Apicomplexa
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes:
-are transmitted by insects
Term
Plasmodium
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes:
a form of Apicomplexa transmitted by mosquitoes.

types:
vivax
ovale
faciparum (nastiest)
malariae
Term
Babesia
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes:
a form of Apicomplexa that are transmitted by ticks.
-these infect RBCs
ex. Toxoplasma gondii
-dangerous to pregnant women cuz of the litter box.
Term
Helmiths
Definition
Classes of Eukaryotes:
______ are multicellular parasitic worms.
Term
Egg/Larvae
Definition
In worms, the _____ or ____ stage is infective.
Term
Egg -> Larvae -> Adult -> Egg
Definition
Life cycle of a Helmith
Term
Multiple
Definition
Helmiths require _______ hosts.
Term
Larval
Definition
Helmiths use intermediate hosts during the _______ stage.
Term
Adult
Definition
Helmiths use definitive hosts during the _______ stage.
Term
Dioecious
Definition
______ means that there are separate sexes. In this case, male and female worms.
Term
Monoecious
Definition
______ means that worm is hermaphroditic. Both Male/female parts.
Term
True.
Definition
True or False: Hermaphroditic worms have both parts but still require another worm to mate.
Term
Worms
Definition
This is how ________ are grouped:
-shape (flat/round)
-size
-degree of organ development
*nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system etc.
-presence of HOOKS, SUCKERS OR BARBS
Term
Platyhelmith
Definition
Another word for a flatworm is _________.
Term
Nematode
Definition
Another name for a round worm is a _________.
Term
Hooks, Suckers, & Barbs
Definition
The 3 ways of worm to host attachment are: ___(1)___, ___(2)___, ___(3)___
Term
Trematodes
Definition
Platyhelminths/Flatworms:-these are also known as flukes.
-They are leaf shaped
-have oral and ventral suckers.
Term
Flukes
Definition
_____ are named for the organ the infect.
Ex. liver ____ or lung ____.
Term
Cestrodes
Definition
Platyhelminths/Flatworms:
-these are another name for tapeworms.
-they have 3 body regions
Term
Cestode or Tapeworm
Definition
3 regions on a ________:
(1) scolex: head
(2) neck: connects head to body
(3)proglottids: body; the farther away the proglottid section the older it is.
Term
Taeria
Definition
Platyhelminths/Flatworms:
*********** NEED INFO FOR
Term
Nematodes
Definition
Another name for a roundworm is ________.
-They are cylindrical
-They are tapered at one end
& can be Egg infectious or Larvae infectious.
Term
Egg Infectious
Larvae Infectious
Definition
Nematodes can be ___(1)___ infectious or ___(2)___ infectious.
Term
Pinworms
Definition
Nematodes/Roundworms:
are also known as Enterobious vermicularis.
They are HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS and cause itching of the anal area.
Term
Larvae
Definition
Necatar americanus is a hookworm that is most common in America. It is a ______ infection.
Term
In between the toes
Definition
Larvae penetrate the skin. Typically where at?
Term
Larvae infectious Nematode/roundworm
Definition
This is the cycle of a _________________.

through the skin -> into the blood stream -> to the lungs -> cough, then swallow mucus -> into the digestive/GI tract.
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