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Etiology of Periodontal Disease Pt. 1
Chapter 6
104
Dance
Professional
02/18/2013

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Term
What is etiology? What is the etiology of periodontal disease?
Definition
the cause of disease, bacteria is the etiology of perio
Term
How many bacterial strain are found in plaque?
Definition
over 500
Term
Most bacteria are innocuous, what does this mean?
Definition
harmless
Term
what does pathogenic mean?
Definition
causes disease
Term
What is virulent?
Definition
harmful, how harmful a bacteria is
Term
What types of bacteria live in the oral cavity?
Definition
innocuous and pathogenic
Term
How long has bacteria existed?
Definition
longer than any other organism
Term
What is the most abundant type of cell?
Definition
bacteria
Term
Do bacteria reproduce quickly?
Definition
yes
Term
Do bacteria have the ability to adapt to changes in their environment?
Definition
yes, they adapt rapidly to changes in environment
Term
What is chemotaxis?
Definition
how bacteria communicates
Term
What is the cell membrane? What is it's purpose?
Definition
the cell membrane is a tough protective layer housing bacteria, it helps to maintain the shape of bacteria
Term
Why is the composition of the cell membrane important?
Definition
it is important in identifying and classifying bacteria
Term
What is the gram staining technique used for?
Definition
used to classify bacteria
Term
What kind of membrane do gram positive bacteria have?
Definition
a single, thick cell membrane
Term
What is gram positive bacteria associated with?
Definition
healthy periodontal bacterial flora
Term
What color do gram positive bacteria stain with crystal violet dye?
Definition
they stain purple
Term
What kind of membrane do gram negative bacteria have?
Definition
a double cell membrane
Term
What does gram negative bacteria play an important role in?
Definition
periodontitis
Term
What color does gram negative bacteria stain?
Definition
stains red
Term
Where do bacteria live?
Definition
almost everywhere, they are capable of surviving environments where other life forms do not
Term
Where are bacteria always present?
Definition
on our skin, in out digestive tract, and in our respiratory tract
Term
What do aerobic bacteria require to live?
Definition
oxygen
Term
Which type of bacteria cannot survive in the presence of oxygen?
Definition
anaerobic bacteria
Term
What is free-floating bacteria called?
Definition
planktonic
Term
Where does "attached bacteria" attach to?
Definition
surfaces and one another
Term
What is biofilm?
Definition
organized group of bacteria
Term
What happens to a bacteria after it attaches to a surface?
Definition
it takes on different characteristics than that of free-floating
Term
How much of bacteria lives as attached bacteria?
Definition
99%>
Term
What is a biofilm?
Definition
well organized community of bacteria that adheres to surfaces
Term
What are the communities of bacteria in biofilms embedded in?
Definition
an extracellular slime layer
Term
Is a biofilm composed of only one type of bacteria?
Definition
no, composed of many types of bacteria as well as other organisms and debris
Term
How quickly do biofilms form? Where can they form?
Definition
form rapidly on almost any wet surface
Term
Do biofilms only exist in our bodies?
Definition
no they exist everywhere in nature
Term
Where do biofilms thrive? (2)
Definition
in dental unit water and suction lines (bacteria sticks to tubing)
Term
What does the extracellular slime layer do?
Definition
protects bacteria from physical and chemical destruction
Term
What are some everyday examples o bioflims?
Definition
-slime on fish tanks
-slime that clogs sink drain
-slimy rocks in a stream
-plaque bioilm on teeth
Term
Where can some medically significant biofilms be found?
Definition
-medical and dental implants
-contact lens cases
-pacemakers
-artificial joints
-teeth
-restorations and dental appliances
Term
What is an example of a disease caused by plaque biofilm in water?
Definition
Legionaires Disease
Term
How many died from this in 1976? How did it happen?
Definition
killed 29 people, caused by bacterial biofilm in the hotels air conditioning system
Term
BLANK% of disease may be biofilm induced.
Definition
65%
Term
What are some examples of diseases that are biofilm induced?
Definition
-TB
-cystic fibrosis
-subacute bacterial endocarditis
-PERIODONTAL DISEASE
Term
How do bacteria live and thrive in biofilms?
Definition
they are not distributed evenly, they cluster together to make mushroom shaped microcolonies
Term
Each microcolony is a what?
Definition
independent community containing thousands of compatible bacteria
Term
What are the three major stages in lifestyle for biofilm?
Definition
1.Attachment
2.Growth
3.Detachment
Term
What happens in stage one of the biofilm life cycle?
Definition
the bacteria attach to a surface
Term
What happens in stage two?
Definition
bacteria attract other free floating bacteria to the biofilm
Term
What do attached bacteria secrete in stage 2/the growth stage?
Definition
attached bacteria secrete a film-extracellular slime layer that acts as a protective shield
Term
What shape do the bacteria grow in during the second/growth stage?
Definition
a mushroom shape
Term
What is the third stage of the biofilm life cycle?
Definition
detachment
Term
What happens in the detachment stage?
Definition
clumps of bacteria break off, carried away by the fluid surrounding biofilm
Term
What do these detached clumps end up doing?
Definition
attaching to new surfaces to form new bacterial colonies
Term
How many phases of plaque biofilm development are there?
Definition
5
Term
What are these 5 phases of plaque biofilm development?
Definition
1.film coating
2.binding of single organisms
3.multiplication
4.continue growth
5.mature biofilm
Term
What protects biofilm?
Definition
the extracellular slime layer
Term
What is phase 1 called? How quickly does it occur?
Definition
called film coating, occurs minutes after professional cleaning
Term
What is the film coating in phase 1 called? What is it made of?
Definition
-called the acquired pellicle
-made of salivary glycoproteins(mucins) and antibodies
Term
Is the pellicle in phase 1 thick?
Definition
no, it is thin
Term
What is the purpose of the acquired pellicle? What does it end up doing?
Definition
-function is to protect enamel from acids
-ends up causing changes on tooth surface that makes it easy for bacteria to attach
Term
What does the pellicle act as?
Definition
double sided tape, this allows bacteria to attach to it
Term
What is phase 2 called? When does it begin?
Definition
-called initial attachment to pellicle
-occurs within hours after pellicle formation
Term
What are fimbirae?
Definition
hair-like structures that allow bacteria to attach rapidly upon contact
Term
What is phase 3 called? What happens?
Definition
-called multiplication phase
-bacteria produce substances that stimulate other free floating bacteria to join the community
Term
What is phase 4a?
Definition
Slime layer formation
Term
What stimulates phase 4a?
Definition
attachment of bacteria to the tooth surface stimulates bacteria to secrete extracellular slime layer
Term
What does the extracellular slime layer made in phase 4a do?
Definition
-helps to anchor bacteria to the tooth surface and provides bacteria protection
-protects bacteria against antibodies, antimicrobials, and body's immune system
Term
What penetrates the extracellular slime layer in phase 4a?
Definition
fluid channels that penetrate the extracellular slime layer
Term
What do these fluid channels in phase 4a do?
Definition
-carry oxygen and nutrients to bacteria
-remove bacterial waste
Term
What do these fluid channels contain?
Definition
everything from saliva to any beverages consumed
Term
What occurs in phase 4b?
Definition
microcolony formation
Term
What happens in phase 4b(microcolony formation)?
Definition
-bacteria proliferate and begin to grow away from tooth surface
-bacterial blooms
Term
What are bacterial blooms?
Definition
periods when specific species or groups of species grow at an accelerated rate
Term
What is phase 5 called?
Definition
mature dental plaque biofilm
Term
What happens in phase 5?
Definition
bacterial clusters form mushroom-shaped microcolonies that attach to the tooth surface at a narrow basse
Term
What are microcolonies?
Definition
complex collections of different bacteria linked to one another
Term
How do bacterial microcolonies communicate?
Definition
using chemical or electrical signals, this communication can result in transfer of genes among bacteria
Term
How many different types of bacteria are capable of colonizing in the mouth?
Definition
over 700 types
Term
How many bacteria can be cultured from one health sulcus?
Definition
100-1000
Term
How much of the bacteria found in a healthy mouth are gram positive?
Definition
75%
Term
What shape are gram positive bacteria?
Definition
facilitative rods and cocci
Term
What does nonmotile mean? What type of bacteria are mostly nonmotile?
Definition
-not capable of movement
-most gram positive/bacteria associated with health
Term
How many bacteria may be cultured from an individual site with gingivitis?
Definition
1,000-100,000
Term
Is bacteria in chronic gingivitis gram negative or positive?
Definition
almost equal gram positive and negative
Term
How much of the bacteria found in gingivitis are gram negative?
Definition
about 40%
Term
How much of the bacteria found in gingivitis are gram negative rods?
Definition
about 40%
Term
Is there a lot of bacteria found in periodontitis? How many?
Definition
yes, an enormous amount
-100,000-100,000,000 bacteria from an individual tooth surface
Term
What type of bacteria is associated with chronic periodontitis?
Definition
gram negative and motile bacteria
Term
What shape and kind of bacteria is the most common in periodontitis?
Definition
anaerobic gram negative rods
Term
Is the bacterial composition the same in each patient and from site to site in the mouth?
Definition
no, it differs
Term
How many different types of bacteria are found in isolated from periodontal pockets?
Definition
over 500 different species
Term
How much out of the 500 different species found in periodontal pockets are periodontal pathogens?
Definition
only a small percentage
Term
What are the three bacteria designated as periodontal pathogens?
Definition
1.Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa)
2.Tannerella forsythia (Tf)
3.Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)
Term
Which of these three bacteria is the most common and is knowns as Mr.Perio?
Definition
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)
Term
What is Aa bacterial associated with?
Definition
aggressive perio
Term
Where is aggressive perio seen? (which teeth, age group)
Definition
-seen in 1st molars and incisors
-generally seen in young people
Term
What is Aa capable of evading? What can it destroy?
Definition
-capable of evading normal host immune response
-can destroy gingival connective tissues and alveolar bone
Term
Typically, what shape is Aa and what color does it stain?
Definition
typically rod shaped, stains pink/red
Term
What is the former name for Tf?
Definition
bacteroides forsythus
Term
What is Tf considered?
Definition
the most significant risk factor that distinguishes those with perio from those of health
Term
Which bacteria is the most common species detected in or on epilthelial cells recovered from perio pockets?
Definition
Tannerella forsythia (Tf)
Term
Who is low numbers of Pg or Mr.Perio found in?
Definition
people in health or with gingivitis
Term
Is Pg found more in aggressive or chronic perio?
Definition
aggressive, generally seen in disease sites that are worsening
Term
What can Pg bacteria inhibit?
Definition
migration of PMN's across the eepilthelial barrier
Term
Is perio just found with Aa, Tf, and Pg?
Definition
no, there are multiple bacterial species in periodontal infections
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