Ethnography

Methodology concept that studies language in its social cultural context

Communicative Competence

By Hymes and Gumperz. Describes speaker's ability to select from the totality of gramatically correct expressions available forms for which appropiately reflect the social norms governing behaivior in specific encounters.

Linguistic Competence

Speaker's ability to produce gramatically correct sentences

Etnography of Communication

An effective fieldwork methodology for studying language in its social and cultural context. Focuses on analyzing the ways people use language in real situations.

Guide Research: S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G

Setting

Participants

Ends

Act sequence

Keys

Instrumentalities

Norms

Genres

Setting

Time and place where the conversation is happening

Participants

Who can or should be involved in various speech events or conversations and what is expected of them

Ends

Why is the event taking place? or the goals the participants have in a particular situations

Act Sequence

Sequence of events

Key

The mood or spirit in which communication takes place

Instrumentalities

Choice of channel and varieties of language

Norms

Expectations about participants expectations about appropiateness of speech use. Ex: Taboos and avoidances

Genres

Differents kinds of speech acts or events (lectures, conversation, gossip, etc..)

Speech Community

A group of people who share one or more varities of language and the rules for using any or all of those varities in everyday communication

Speech Situation

The context within which speaking occurs

Speech Act

The minimal unit of speech for purposes of an ethnographic analysis. Ex: Greeting

Speech Event

The basic unit of verbal interaction. Ex:conversation

Purpose

Is not always to transmit info or exchange ideas

Language Ideology

Beliefs about a language expressed by its users as a rationalization of their conception of the nature and function of language.

It is the mediating link between social forms and forms of talk which is important to anthropology

Recent trends in Ethonography

Investigator must attach due significance to language as its used

Context has been employed to denote the interrelated conditions in which speech and other behaviors occur

Conversation Analysis

Study of actual conversations exchange.

Record and transcribe actual conversation to study act sequence

Discourse Analysis

Takes real language in real situations as it focus and emphsizes, understanding how authority and power are distributed.

The discovery of rules that help conversation practices, genres of discussion, how people talk and the context in ehich they do  and interaction