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| tries to figure out what people should do. it is the examination of ethical theories aka applied ethics |
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| consist of the analysis of specific, controversial morality. issues such as abortion, animal rights or euthanasia. deals with difficult questions and controversial moral issues that people actually face in their lives. |
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| explains how things are. it is not ethics in the philosophical sense |
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| seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties and evaluations. analytical, critical thinking about the presuppositions ofnormative ethics. metaethical questions constitute significant challanges to the very enterprise of normative ethics. |
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| traditional, supernatural, natural law and reflective |
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| beliefs, moral codes and mores that are passed down from generation to generation within culture, subculture or community and is also assumed within particular societies |
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| humanity is dependent upon the devine to reveal moral standards by which to live. devine relation - god reveals specific standards to humanity like the 10 commandments |
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| the supernatural has embedded certain moral standards within creation- ex murder, gluttony, lying, right to speak, provide for family |
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| that which is examinal critically to identifying its origin, its intent , its consistancy and its effectiveness. |
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| can be both descriptive and normative |
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| the most famous descriptive claims that, each person has but one ultimate aim: her own welfare |
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| claims about what one ought to do, rather than describe what one does do |
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| claims it is necessary and sufficient for an action to be morally RIGHT that it maximize ones self-interest |
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| claims that it is necassary and sufficiant for ones actions to be RATIONAL that it maximize ONES SELF-INTEREST |
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the right act defined as the one which brings about the best results from the ACTION
the right action makes more people happy and does not judge the value of an action in terms of laws |
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| strengths n weakness of act utilitarian |
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S: focuses on the consequences and happiness that results from the action
W: difficulty attaining full knowledge and certainty of the consequences of our actions |
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| right and wrong determined as following or breaking rules |
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W: if the rules take into account more and more exceptions then it turns into act utilitarian
W: its possible to generate unjuest rules
S: protects ppl by enfornced rules creates order |
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act- should each act on a cause by cause basis
Rule- rules should govern society for the greater good |
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| determines if an act is good or bad based on the value of ACT itself no regards to the consequences |
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| determine if an act is good or bad based on the consequences the act produces |
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| prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude |
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| emphasizes the role of ones character and the virtues that ones character embodies for determining or evaulating ethical behavior |
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| ruling class- wisdom, insight knowledge |
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| producing class, just to put up with other, self control |
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| uphold harmonious relationships by fairness |
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easier to make moral rules universal golden rule
nothing was good except a good will. the will is the unique human ability to act in accordance to moral rules regardless of consequences, this is the most important human attribute |
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prevents paternalism- you cant take care of yourself who takes care of you is predetermined
"reason" is the secound most imprtant human attribute |
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hope for change respecting the possibility that there can be change
truth must be universalized. |
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universal human rights more readily accepted
categorical imperative- a rule stating what ought to be done based upon pure reason alone and not contigent upon sensible desires |
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people can held acceptible responisble for those decisions
Practical imperative- "act to treat humanity, wheather yourself or another, as an end in itself and never as a means |
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justified use of punishment- gets whats coming to you based off of what you have done
duty rather than inclination
duty-we should act from respect for all moral law |
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| value of life, justice, goodness, honesty and truth, individual freedom |
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| appriciating all human life and accepting death |
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| moral obligation to act on the basis of fair adjudication beween competing claims. fairness, entitlement and equality |
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| assets that good and evil are realities described as goodness is to attempt to benefit everyone evil is to attempt to harm a single innocent one |
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| ideas cant be communicated or aggreements made if real doubt about the honesty of those involved |
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| principle of autonomy means that individual must have freedom to choose how to be moral with framework of the 1st four basic prinicples. individual needs latitude to make decisions and choices appropriate for their individual differences. |
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