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| something you want to do but only if you have a particular goal in mind |
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| something you should do despite your end goal or desire to achieve something; applies to everyone |
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| First formulation of the categorical imperative: |
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| act only in accordance with that maxim to which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law of nature |
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| Second formulation of the categorical imperative: |
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| Act so that you treat humanity whether in your own person or the person of any other, never merely as a means, but always at the same time as an end |
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| consequentialism the and hedonism |
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| that principle which approves or disproves of any action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to augment or diminish the happiness of the party was interest is in question |
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| people who experience both higher and lower pleasures |
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| Benthams approach looking at every consequence to evaluate whether actions should be taken or not |
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| act according to the rule whose general adoption will produce the most good |
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| you are responsible for someone elses actions as a result of your own; view of utilitarianism; making you responsible for things that are beyond your own control |
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| a conditional or potential duty |
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| refers to the action that must be done when all Prima facie duties have been considered and weighed |
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| if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening; without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally to do it |
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| acts that you dont have an obligation to do but when you do them the people admire you for it |
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| a person whose every action is as morally good as possible; couldnt possibly be any more moral |
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| happiness lies in the happiness of others |
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| saint out and duty even though they have no innate inclination toward helping others |
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| morality is based on a social contract decided upon by humans |
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| there are moral rules and principles that apply to everyone |
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| moral rules have no exceptions; they should never be broken |
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| there are no universal rules |
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| belief that all moral rules are invented by particular cultures; morality is the set of rules that a particular culture has set for themselves |
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| moral rules are set on an individual basis; everyone has their own moral rules to follow in a particular context |
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| agree to disagree on moral theory; acknowledgement of diversity between morality |
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| The argument from queerness: |
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| if universal morals exist then they are essentially weird or strange things because they cannot be scientifically proven |
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| the person concerned asks for euthanasia |
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| Non-voluntary euthanasia: |
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| the person concerned is incapable of asking for euthanasia so the family makes the decision for euthanasia on the basis that it is the choice the person would have made if they were capable of making the choice |
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| a person is euthanized against their will |
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| when someone actively or directly causes someone elses death |
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| when treatment is stopped which will in turn result in a persons death |
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| all medicines, treatments, and operations that offer a reasonable hope of benefit without placing undue burdens on a patient |
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| Extraordinary means (heroic means): |
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| involve excessive burdens on the patient that do not offer reasonable hope of benefit |
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| once we legalize one thing, well end up legalizing another thing which would be morally worse |
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| Sanctity of life argument: |
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Definition
| life is valuable in itself; there is no balance to taking a life; there are certain things we just cannot do |
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| Values in medicine argument: |
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| if you start to introduce killing into the practice of medicine, it becomes contradictory to the values and overall priorities of a doctor which should be focused on saving human lives |
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| Errors in medicine argument: |
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| doctors make mistakes; its possible to give a wrong diagnosis; shouldnt allow a person to choose euthanasia when there is the possibility of recovery |
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| since we have the obligation to relieve suffering, if euthanasia is the only option to end the suffering, then euthanasia would be morally sensible and obligatory because it is the most humane option |
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| the ability to make your own choices and decisions; people should have the ability to make their own decisions about whether or not they will continue to endure suffering or whether to end their own life |
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| if suicide is technically legal, then it should be an option available and open to everyone, even those who dont have the physical ability to carry it out by themselves |
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| every human being/person has the right to life |
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| every person has the right to decide what happens to their own body |
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| same-sex behavior is immoral therefore the rule of the law should make it illegal |
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| marriage has a meaning and we cant change that just to allow same-sex marriage |
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| marriage is a social concept in which two people live together and raise children together in a stable environment and because homosexual couples are incapable of procreation, same-sex marriage should not be legal |
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| Welfare of children argument: |
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Definition
| children are best raised by their biological parents and since same-sex couples cannot have children they should have no rights to raise children |
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| its discrimination to say that people who are attracted to the same sex are not allowed to marry whereas people who are heterosexual are allowed to marry |
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| Marriage benefits argument: |
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| Its unfair to deny a same sex couple the benefits of marriage which include financial, medical, parental, and social benefits |
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| Religious freedom argument: |
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| The civil definition of marriage should appeal only to the basic fairness and equality of marriage, not about the moral right and wrong of marriage |
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| war is never really morally justified |
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| moral value has not place in war; war is just a mechanism for settling conflicts |
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| war is self-defense; if someone is attacking you, you have the right to fight back |
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| severe mental or physical pain that individuals or population includes goals of either coercion of population, making an example of the victim, or extraction of information |
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| If we could save 1000 people by torturing 1 person, then we should; torture would be morally acceptable |
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| If someone is attacking or trying to kill you then you have the right to respond by killing them; If we can allow killing, and killing is worse than torture, then torture should be permissible |
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| the only thing that matters is happiness and pleasure |
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| not valuable in itself but it gets you something else that you do value |
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| a good that has value in itself |
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| the rational activity of the soul performed in an excellent or virtuous way, over the course of a complete life |
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| a state of character concerned with choice, ling in a mean, the mean relative to us, being determined by a rational principle, and by that principle by which the human of practical wisdom would determine it |
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| morality is based on rules that follow rationality and reason |
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| will that always follows reason |
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| subjective principle of volition; your reason for doing something |
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