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| Studies what humans actually value without passing judgement about right or wrong |
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| The art of persuasion taught by the sophists |
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| Not a positive creating; the undoing of some of God’s good |
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| The science of reality of being |
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| Logical contradiction generated when pure reason is used to answer questions about god or good |
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| Determining knowledge by a series of questions and answers |
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| Treat all persons as ends, and never as means |
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| A belief in reason and rational && All reality is controlled by mind, physical objects conform to the mind |
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| a belief in exerted will/perception && the mind gets the sense of an object, but the object in the world is real |
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| Objectivism claims that right and wrong are determined by society and social |
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| Kant claims right and wrong can be determined only by those trained in christian thought |
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| For Augustine, the greatest reward of heaven is finally understanding God’s plan for creation |
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| The point of the story of the ring of Gyges is to raise the question of whether we should be just even if there were no penalties for unjust acts |
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Which of the following was NOT cited as a reason for the decline of Athens?
a.The Peloponnesian War
b. a plague
c. a flood
d. corruption of the assembly |
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Upon hearing that the oracle had proclaimed him the wisest mean in Athens, Socrates:
a. graciously accepted the compliment
b. became ruler of Athens
c. expressed puzzlement, for he only knew he did not know
d. scoffed at the oracles superstitious nonsense. |
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| c. expressed puzzlement, for he only knew he did now know |
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Socrates accepted his death sentence because he knew
a. he was guilty
b. he could not escape
c. it was better to suffer an injustice than to commit one.
d. that martyrdom would enhance his cause. |
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| c. it was better to suffer an injustice than to commit one. |
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Plato’s theory of forms holds that:
a. the form is eternal and perfect, whereas the particular is perishable and imperfect.
b. the existence of the form does not depend upon the particular, but the existence of the particular depends upon the form
c. the form is more real than the particular
d. all of the above |
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For Plato, a “form of evil” is:
a. another name for the form of good
b. another name for the form of humanity
c. equally real, bu the opposite of, the form of good.
d. nonexistent: there is no form of evil. |
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| d. nonexistent: there is no form of evil |
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Augustine spent his youth
a. leading a good Christian life, like his mother Monica
b. committing major crimes, and thoroughly enjoying it.
c. wretched and tormented by his sinful nature
d. accumulating a fortune by growing pears. |
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| c. wretched and tormented by his sinful nature |
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Augustine was able to convert after a child’s voice in a garden led him to which biblical quote?
a. “Let the Lord provide.”
b. “Upon this Rock I shall build my Church”
c. “Love thy neighbor as thyself.”
d. “It is better to live alone in the desert than with a crabby, complaining wife.” |
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| a. "let the lord provide" |
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According to your instructor, the actual “Original Sin” was probably:
a. lust.
b. pride.
c. greed.
d. gluttony |
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According to Augustine, the virtues most extolled in the “City of God” include:
a. piety, temperance, and patience
b. reason, excellence, and wisdom
c. courage, bravery, and valor
d. wealth, power, and control |
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| a. piety, temperance, and patience |
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By Kant’s “informal” test, a motive is morally good when we produce a positive result
a. because it is the right thing to do, though we get no pleasure or satisfaction from the act.
b. because in doing so we anticipate pleasure or satisfaction
c. because we’re worried about the pain of a guilty conscience if we fail to act.
d. regardless of our motive, for it is the result alone that counts. |
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| a. because it was the right thing to do, we get no pleasure or satisfaction from the act. |
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According to your instructor, if the Nazi’s come to your door asking about Jews you have hidden in your attic, Kant would say you should
a. lie without shame, since you’re saving innocent lives.
b. lie without shame, but cross your fingers behind your back.
c. either say nothing or tell the truth, since lying violates the categorical imperative
d. kick the Nazi’s in the shin, then slam the door and sound the alarm. |
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| c. either say nothing or tell the truth, since lying violates the categorical imperative. |
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According to your instructor, to the criticism that the categorical imperative considers consequences, Kant would probably
a. deny that the categorical imperative considers consequences in any way.
b. claim that the consequences appealed to are irrelevant and unimportant
c. admit the appeal to consequences, but claim they are wholly impersonal, and thus cannot benefit any individual or select group.
d. admit that the appeal to consequences is a major flaw in his theory |
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| c. admit the appeal to consequence, but claim they are wholly impersonal, and thus cannot benifit any individual or select group. |
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| What three beliefs did most Christians accept? |
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Definition
God is all powerful
God is all loving
Evil exists as an actual force |
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| Explain how it is possible to accept any two, but not all three, of these beliefs. |
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| for evil to exist, god can’t be all loving and all powerful. |
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| What was Augustine’s eventual solution to the problem? |
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| Evil doesn’t exist as an actual force |
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| Jeopardy: This problem exists under the disbelief or questioning that what we sense/perceive the world to be could actually be very different. Since our thoughts and perceptions take place within our mind (data interpreted and reformatted) we have the absolute proof of the external world. That is to say it is not supported by any other means other than our perceptions |
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| What is the problem of the external world that is the scourge of empiricist epistemology? |
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| Aristotle defined “happiness” as... |
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| the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue in a complete life. |
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| the “alpha and omega” of causes |
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| the false belief that good can be described as a quality or property such as pleasure |
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| “good” is the expression of an emotion |
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| the matter of “stuff” to be formed into an object |
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| the gap between our moral institutions and our scientific institutions |
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| the “crisis of modernity” |
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| for Aristotle, the principles of reason Communion with themselves |
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| “good” is a undefined basic principle -- the moral equivalent of “yellow” |
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| Moore’s definition of good |
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| for Dewey, a preference that whose worthiness has not yet been determined |
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| For Nietzsche, the individual most responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire |
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| Mill’s “internal sanction” is conscience, our feeling for humanity. |
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| Rawl’s “veil of ignorance” implies that the less the common people know about governmental affairs, the better off they’ll be |
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| For Nietzsche, the individual most responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire |
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| Nozick claims you have a right to any property you can forcibly take from someone else |
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| In Nietzsche’s master morality, good is what is good for me: what aids my will to power |
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| For Nietzsche, the individual most responsible for the fall of the Roman Empire |
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| Variation and natural selection |
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In the original utilitarianism of Bentham,
a. only the quantity of pleasure is significant, not its quality
b. only the quality of pleasure is significant, not it’s quantity
c. the quantity and quality of pleasure are equally significant, and should be balanced
d. neither quantity nor quality of pleasure is significant, since pleasure is not a factor in morals. |
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| a. only the quantity of pleasure is significant, not its quality |
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| Believes that what’s good is what aids my will to power |
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| The unborn generation who will complete Nietzsche’s transvaluation of values |
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According to Mill, those who accept the Revised Greatest Happiness Principle should
a. look out for their own interests only, somce the self-interest benefits others by an “invisible hand”
b. look out for the interest of others, so long as it doesn’t diminish their own happiness.
c. be willing to sacrifice their happiness, and even their lives, if required for the greater good.
d. realize that motives are much more important than consequences. |
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| c. be willing to sacrifice their happiness, and even their lives, if required for the greater good |
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| According to Mill although utilitarians reject Christian metaphysics, they accept the moral mandate, “love thy neighbor” |
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| According to Mill only someone who has experienced both higher and lower pleasures is qualified to compare their relative merits |
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According to Mill, most people who follow utilitarian principles will
a. be required tro lead heroic lives and make great sacrifices for others.
b. discover that Kant is right after all, and that motives are more important than consequences.
c. accept Jesus as their personal savior, and become Christians.
d. contribute to the greater good in small ways with common acts of consideration and kindness. |
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Definition
| d. contribute to the greater good in small ways with common acts of consideration and kindness |
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| One of Mill’s objections to the “pleasure calculus” is that pleasure a sinful and unworthy object of desire |
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According to Gilligan, the lesson we should learn from the “Heinz” dilemma is that
a. boys develop social maturity more quickly than girls
b. girls develop social maturity more quickly than boys.
c. an ethics of care is less important than an ethics of equity
d. an ethics of care is as important as an ethics of equity. |
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| d. an ethics of care is as important as an ethics of equity |
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| One of Mill’s objections to the “pleasure calculus” is that pleasure a sinful and unworthy object of desire |
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According to Rawls, from behind a “veil of ignorance” most people would choose
a. limiting the wealth of the very rich in order to provide for the basic needs of the poor
b. unlimited wealth and abject poverty, since most people believe they would be among the rich.
c. to let the government experts determine the distribution of wealth
d. leaders who pander to their vanity and selfish desires, since most people are irrational. |
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| a. limiting the wealth of the very rich in order to provide for the basic needs of the poor |
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| To say “x is good,” according to Ayer, is |
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| d. literally meaningless, though it expresses a feeling or emotion |
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In Locke’s theory of property, endorsed by Nozick, one has a right to claim ownership of
a. anything you are strong enough to take from someone else, by force if necessary
b. unclaimed property you mix your labor with, and thus improve in value
c. property a sovereign or government entitles you to own.
d. a limited quantity of personal possessions, but not land, since this belongs to all. |
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| b. unclaimed property you mis your labor with, and thus improve the value. |
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| According to contemporary empiricists, statements that are neither analytic nor synthetic are |
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Though interpreted differently by Nietzsche and others, Darwin regarded his theory of evolution as
a. a battle between the strong and the weak.
b. physical proof of the will to power
c. variation and natural selection
d. an untested hypothesis that should not be regarded as more than a conjecture |
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| c. variation and natural selection |
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| According to Dewey, what contemporary empiricists call a “good” is actually |
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| c. the growing gap between our moral and technological institutions |
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According to Nietzsche, the Judeo-Christian ethic is:
a. the one true morality of the universe
b. an excellent moral outlook, though not superior to the views of other religious traditions
c. a mixture of good and bad, like most customs and traditions.
d. an inverse of the true morality |
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| d. an inverse of the true morality |
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| Cite Mill’s two objections to Bentham’s pleasure calculus |
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Not many people are motivated by altruism
It could promote the persecution of a minority by the majority. |
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| Main provisions of the 1948 United Nations Universal declaration of Human Rights |
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| Individual rights and economic rights |
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| Why does the UN declaration have a "dilemma of legitimacy" and how has it been resolved |
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| the charter wasn't signed by a lot of nations. Many islamic countries are not UN charter signees, so there isn't a contractual relationship. Many f these nations have been liberated and have signed on to the agreement |
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| What accepted principle, according to An Na'im might the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human rights seem to conflict? |
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| What is the "human rights paradox and how is it perpetuated? |
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| some African and Asian nations signed on to the human rights charter and commit publicly to rights of freedom of religion/women's rights, but because of their own internal sanctions cannot do that |
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| Islamic law that provides a comprehensive way of life: has provisions for marriage, hygiene, business, etc |
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| Why does An Na'im believe Shari'a might fail the principle of reciprocity for women's rights? |
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| the rights of women may alter between states. If you are a woman under shari'a, you dont have equal contractual rights to men, cant be witnesses in courts, don't have equal inheritance |
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| Why does An Na'im believe Shari'a might fail the principle of reciprocity for non islamic religions? |
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| If you leave the islamic faith they can confiscate your property, or even execute you |
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| How should concepts of national sovereignty and "rights: be modified to help advance the cause of universal human rights? |
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| modify the notion of sovereignty to reflect nations' commitment to both of these standards |
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| Four potential contemporary threats to the environment |
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Definition
1. Acid rain
2.Accumulation of trash/garbage
3.Deforestation
4.Global Warming |
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| Biocentric view of environmental ethics |
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Definition
| recognizes value of non human life in nature. Says humans are a part of nature and nature is a part of us. |
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| Anthropocentric view of environmental ethics |
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Definition
| sees humans as superior and sees nature as something to be used |
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| How does White say our judeo-christian culture has perpetuated the anthropocentric view of a progressive view of time |
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Definition
| Sees the world with a beginning and an end, where one time will never repeat itself and change is inevitable |
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| How, in White's view, has judeo christian culture perpetuated the anthropocentric view of the prescribed role of humans regarding nature |
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Definition
| christians see the earth as a material realm, it is a resource to be subdued because we are "spirits". Means to our end |
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| How, in White’s view, has our judeo-christian culture perpetuated the anthropocentric view of the western notion of how we can learn about god’s mind |
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| believe science is the key to the divine. Understand god's mind through application |
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| What is the biocentric alternative offered by Francis Assisi |
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| We should be citizens of nature |
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| Why does Baxter exclude animals and the natural environment from the ethical community |
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| humans are superior to other animals and other forms of life and the earth itself . Environmentalist include them to gain power for themselves |
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| What is a “cost-benefit analysis” |
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Definition
| says that in a society there are limited resources so whenever you devote your attention to one kind of good, you do so by limiting the attention of another type of resource. |
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| why does Baxter think the cost benefit analysis should be utilized in environmental decisions |
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| because you cant have it all one way, and you have to decide what is important to you and in environmental context, the pros and cons of protecting parts of the environment |
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| having the greatest amount of pollution compatible with health and aesthetic concerns |
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| three conditions of just war |
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| Right Intention, Just cause, proportionality |
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