Term
|
Definition
| Whatever is right and wrong for the individual is for them to decide; to judge another person's perspective is beyond your reach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Self interest motivates human beings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You should only do something out of self interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are no moral principles, if every opinion is equally valid then nothing is valid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We will never know what moral truths are, though they may exist |
|
|
Term
Reasons for norms:
Prudential
Moral
Correctness |
|
Definition
Prudential: because its god for you
Moral: good for everyone
Correctness: because its shows excellence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Underlying foundation for all ethical theories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moral truths depends on individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One correct answer for all things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tells you how to get what's good |
|
|
Term
Aquinas
Fit Aristotle's ethics under ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aquinas
3 Laws
_______ laws - god created, governed entire universe
_______ laws - normative; what we should do
_______ laws - applied to specific acts; ex. must pay taxes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Performing an excess or deficiency |
|
|
Term
| These vices have no mean _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Just actions and just character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mean between extremes; doing the right thing at the right time towards the right object in the right wing |
|
|
Term
Aristotle
Attributes of moral virtue
Using ________ reason
Passion and appetites _______ reason
Acquired by _______
Must ________ practice good to be actually be good
Not something one is ________ born with
You ____ have natural predisposition |
|
Definition
Practical
Obey
Habit
Practice
Born
Do |
|
|
Term
Aristotle
3 types of commonly thought happy lives
Life of _______
Life of _______
Life of _______ |
|
Definition
Pleasure
Politics
Contemplation |
|
|
Term
Aristotle
Types of goods out actions aim at:
Instrumental goods |
|
Definition
| goods for the sake of some other good |
|
|
Term
Aristotle
Types of goods out actions aim at:
Infinite regress |
|
Definition
| Instrumental goods would be pointless w/no end |
|
|
Term
Aristotle
Types of goods out actions aim at:
Intrinsic goods |
|
Definition
| Good in and of itself (ex. happiness) |
|
|
Term
| All end aim at final good, which is _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aristotle
Inductive method |
|
Definition
| Based upon experience and observation |
|
|
Term
Aristotle
Deductive method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aristotle
4 scientific causes produce progress:
_____ cause - shape of form it will take
_____ cause - matter it is composed of
_____ cause - what makes it develop or grow
_____ cause - the end goal/product |
|
Definition
Formal
Material
Efficient
Final |
|
|
Term
| Plato thought ethics should be based on _________ of wants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aristotle
Believed human being was _______ animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aristotle
Bases what is moral on ______ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aristotle
Everything in nature has specific _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entire natural world is __________ |
|
Definition
| Designed (ex. Acorn becomes tree) |
|
|
Term
| End-driven theories are ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only one truth to any given thing |
|
|
Term
| Problem with Universalism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are objective universal moral principles across cultures, however, how they will be practiced in each culture is different |
|
|
Term
| Exs. of Soft Universalism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
There are no universal moral principles, they are relative to a culture
What is moral simply is what is considered normal |
|
|
Term
| Problem with ethical relativism |
|
Definition
If true, ever culture has equally valid moral principles (which is ridiculous)
Mother Teresa would be just as moral as Hitler
Subcultures - KKK = NAACP(?) |
|
|
Term
Kant
Deontological ethical theories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kant
Deontological Ethical Theory
Ex. Promised money to a friend, has chance to give to orphans afterward
Kant - Give to ________
Mill - Give to ________ |
|
Definition
Kant - friend, otherwise you break your promise/duty
Mill - kids |
|
|
Term
Good Will (Intentions)
Has intrinsic _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Good Will (Intentions)
Does intelligence have intrinsic value? |
|
Definition
| No, may be used for value |
|
|
Term
Good Will (Intentions)
Ex. kid stumbles into pool, people jump in, break kids neck, he lives but is paralyzed
Mill
Kant |
|
Definition
Mill - result of good will is irrelevant
Kant - intention was good |
|
|
Term
Good will
Ex. Person who has good intentions but never but does anything with them
Kant
Mill |
|
Definition
Kant - Unclear if you can be good w/o doing good (thought it seems likes he’s saying ‘yes’)
Mill - You have to practice it |
|
|
Term
Kant
Act must be from duty and not simply conform to duty
Ex. Social worker helps other because it makes her feel good. Scrooge hates people BUT helps someone because it’s the right thing to do
According to Kant, who is the moral one? |
|
Definition
| Scrooge, the Social Worker is acting “like” a good person but is NOT one. Actions must not be based on inclinations (wanting to), they must be done because it is our duty, whether we want to or not |
|
|
Term
Kant
Moral worth of an act is determined by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kant
Imperatives
Hypothetical . . . |
|
Definition
• Act to achieve another end – instrumental value
Ex. go the gym 6 days/week
• For health or aesthetics (two ends)
• Entirely subjective & contingent, individualized
• Morally neutral |
|
|
Term
Kant
Imperatives
Categorical . . . |
|
Definition
• Act for the action itself; it has intrinsic value
• Necessary, universal, absolute, and unconditional
• Categorical Imperative
Act only as if you will that your maxim is universal law
Do it only if you want everyone else to do it too
• Ex. Should you speed to get to work?
o Only if you want everyone else to do it too?
o If yes = it is moral to do it
o If no = it is immoral to do it |
|
|
Term
Kant
Examples of things that cannot be Categorical Imperatives, explain them
Suicide |
|
Definition
• Person hates life, wants to kill self to stop misery, based upon self-love
• Emotion of self-love is to essentially promote survival, not death
• CONTRADICTION ^
o Self-love to save self v self love to save self
o Irrational, therefore it cannot be a categorical imperative |
|
|
Term
Kant
Examples of things that cannot be Categorical Imperatives, explain them
Guy promises to repay money, knowing he can't |
|
Definition
• You promise but have no intention of keeping it
• If EVERYBODY did it there would be no such thing as promises |
|
|
Term
Kant
Examples of things that cannot be Categorical Imperatives, explain them
Lazy guy |
|
Definition
• He is talented, but wastes his ability doing nothing
• Kant – no one with reason and ability could desire to really do nothing |
|
|
Term
Kant
Examples of things that cannot be categorical imperatives
Rich guy |
|
Definition
• Wishes to keep what’s his and leave others alone
• However, if he became poor he’d want help |
|
|
Term
Kant
• 2nd way to interpret Categorical Imperative |
|
Definition
Treat others as ends in themselves and never as means only
• Don’t use people
• Treat others with respect |
|
|
