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| absolute power, government, absolute standards/principles |
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| who should be responsible? waste management..who should pay, for how long, how much |
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| act utilitarianism v. rule |
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| act--first consider consequences of actiosn then make a choice that would generate happiness; rule--goes further; must consider consequencse of a rule instead then follow the rule that leads to happiness |
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| normative theory; how one person should act for another; tries to reduce vulnerability and unjust treatment of others |
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| unselfish regard, devotion to others, moral obligation to help, exclude one's own self-interest |
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| org/state that enforces strong/oppressive measures; no feeback on policies; they know what is right; considerable force; ignore human rights |
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| true goodness of mind, unbiased kindness to do good, thought and regard for others, gentleness, compassion, sympathy |
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| teleological ethos, efficiency, efficacy, expertise, loyalty, accountability |
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| deontological base, rationalism, values of state, regime values, citizenship, public interest, social equity |
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| kantian/deontology--"ought" statements; human reasoning (entire universe); human value (not just means, but as end); human autonomy (kingdom of ends, consistent duties) |
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| character-based theory (virtue) |
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| the person is the object of moral evaluation; go beyond their self interest to care for fellow citizens |
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| citizenship and public servants |
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| Public servants pursue freedom by following ethical standard; ultimate loyalty to the public; |
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| christian community--social action and service; impact of nonconforming life; support to persons in missions; they must set forth the new order, need a community that will encourage them to do this |
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| disregards ethical thought; denies anything that is not empiricially testable |
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| one of the duties a public admin. must assume; moral mobility; seek virtue; also have professional obligations |
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| Aristotle--extreme excess, extreme deficit of characteristic; VM is the average of the 2 extremes; (ie--cowardice, risk taking, courage) |
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| critical theory, rejects unvirsally valid objective standards; doesnt consider moral foundations of theories |
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| separates facts and value; lacks historical context; doesnt look at human purpose; deterministic decisions |
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| virtue does not come about naturally; needs to be developed; thru perf. sm, one gets into habitual lifestyle; what one should become, not do. |
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| richard rorty--reality is interpreted from subjective point of view; to decide, one looks at an agreement among members to reach solidarity; criticized as "group think" |
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| principal-agent relations |
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| put Kants cat. imper. into action; public admins. must see others as having inherent worth; power is aconcern--potential for injustice increases when power of state involved |
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| 2 aspects--outcome of act, process of act; allocative and procedural equity; to maximise equity--process (deonotology) and outcome (teleology) must be analyzed; equal/equal and unequal/unequal treatment |
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| a form of injustice; engrained in our everyday social institutions; IE--yonkers; publich housing segregated schools; poor children dont have equal opportunity for good education |
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| strategic non-cooperation |
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| citizens fighting b/w what is right/what they are forced to do; ex--civil disobedience, which is trying to align law and morality while holding respect for those in authority; specific qualifications must be met |
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| aligned w/ utilitarianism; it is focused on outcomes; John Stuart Mill--how to create the greatest quality of happiness |
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| each theory has own pros/cons; public admins must take pros of each (tel, deont, character based--virtue) and unite them into one theory used to make decisions and act. |
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| addressed to those changes that modify power relationships; limites of what is possible are redefined by centering on human needs |
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| the ppl of God share respnosibility for justice in the political sphere; we should be guided by christian values in our participation; work for justice done w/in democratic process |
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| kant; based on factors rather than consequences; rationality in decison making; consistency; a moral rule can never be broken |
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| work you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons; the foundation of deonotology; social force that binds you |
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| all ethical thought is unified by the search for universal rules; all beliefs must be supported by a finite chain; beliefs can not justify or suppor themselves |
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