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| a branch of philosophy that examines the principles of right and wrong. It is a study of action. |
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| The application of ethical principles to specific issues |
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| The dispipline that investigates the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are relative or are universal, and are self-constructed or are independant of human creation. |
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| Determines what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis |
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| specific type of applied ethics relating to the behavior of vertain professions or groups. |
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| The practice of ethical principles in every day life |
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| Duties are actions that an individual must perform to be considered moral |
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| Actions that are commmendable but not required |
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| Elements of desirability, worth or importance |
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| statutes and ordinances that tell us what to do |
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| behavioral practices of right and wrong |
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Actus reus- criminal act
Mens rea- intent
Causation- motive |
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| broad social questions, often concerning the government social control mechanisisms and impact on those governed |
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| situations in which one person must make a decision about what to do. Either the choice will be unclear or the right choice will be difficult because of the costs involved |
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| the source of moral beliefs. The underlying premises from which people make judgements and are beyond argument |
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| focuses on teh act itself or ints intent when determining if an action is good or bad. The consequences are irrelevant |
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| focus on the consequence of an act when determining if it is good or bad. The consequences are what is judged |
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1.Believed in logic, not emotion.
2. A good will is the only thing that is intrinsically good.
3. Moral truths should be logically consistent and universal.
4. Categorical Imperatives |
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| command action that is necessary without any reference to intended purposes of consequences. |
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| An act is right or moral if it is useful in bringing about a desireable or good ent. Everyone should perform the act of follow that moral rule that will bring about the greatest good for everyone concerned. |
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| The morality of an action should be determined by how much it contributes to the good of the majority. Human nature seeks to mazimize pleasure and minimize pain; a moral system must be consistent with this natural fact |
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| the theory that all action aims at attaining pleasure for the agent |
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| everyone should perform the act that will bring about the greatest amount of good over bad for everyone affected by the act. There are no absolute rules. |
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| rules are based on experience and careful reasoning and that everyone should always establish and follow that rule or those rules that will bring about the greatest good for all concerned. |
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| there is a universal set of rights and wrongs that is similar to many religious beliefs, but without reference to a specific supernatural figure. There is no difference between physical laws and moral laws. |
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| virtue is the median between two extremes of character |
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| emphasises human relationships and needs |
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| states that it is ok as long as it benefits the person doing it, therefore bringing about the desired effect. |
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| humans are naturally egoists and it is natural for them to be that way. All species have instincts for surbical and self-preservation and self interest are merely part of that instinct |
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| human's objective is long term welfare |
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| there is an exception to every rule, cynical about absolutes, nothing is proven conclusively and there are no absolute rules |
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| rigis rules, moral absolutes that must be adhered to, moral truths and believes in Kant and the stances on religion |
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| every rule can be broken under cirumstances and still be moral |
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| we commit good or bad acts because of biological predispositions. This is evidence of traits that are selected for species survival for our evolution. |
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| we learn morals and values that take place through modeling or reinforcement |
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| learning values and moral beliefs by mimicking the bejavior of those we admire |
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| behaviors and beliefs that are rewarded will be repeated (operant conditioning) |
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| individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally |
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| motivated purely by person interests. The major concern is the consequence of the action for the individual |
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| people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good. Children enter this level when they are capable of playing with other children according to the rules. |
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| a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good- that is, what is good for all societies. Few people reach this level, and their actions are observable different from the majority. |
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| fairness, equality, impartiality, appropriateness, proportionality |
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| divide everything amongst everyone |
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| everyone should do everything they can, but only take what they need |
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| no government intrusion, free market system, capitalism. Do whatever you want as long as it doesn't hurt anyone else |
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| seeks out whatever maximizes happiness for all |
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| administers punishments across the board |
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| the allocation of burdens and services to create oppurtunity |
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| punishment is set in relation to the degree of harm incurred |
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| system of rules for human relations, the whole field of the principles laid down, the decisions reached in accordanance with them and the procedures whereby the principles are applied to individual cases. |
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| one of balance. The criminal must suffer pain or loss prportional to what the victim was forced to suffer |
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| restore a natural balance by righting a wrong or neutralizing criminal vain with an equal amount of loss or pain and benefits society by administering punishment to deter offenders from future crime |
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| a moral virtue that tempers or seasons justice. It is never owed to anyone as a right or a matter of desert of justice |
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| exclusionary rule in justice |
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| ensures that teh state follows the correct procedures before exacting punisment by excluding illegal evidence from trial |
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| law is representitive, strengthens social solidarity and is value neutral |
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| law is a coersive tool used by the power eliete to maintain the status quo. Law is restrictive, not representative |
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| law serves the purpose of the interest groups. The law fluctuates depending upon the balance of power between interest groups |
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| maintenance of social cohesion |
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| mediates the differences that may come about because of the division of labor |
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| we define an action as wrong because the majority of the population holds the opinion that it is wrong |
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| protects people from their own behavior |
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| acts as the agent of society in areas where there is no moral agreement |
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