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| Morals are based on nature. They are not invented by men |
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| Aruged that ration is slave to the passions. As such, morality is not based on reason, but on how we feel about certain actions |
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| Based on Hume's theories and puts forth that there are things of value that cannot be understood from only the point of view of the individual. Things such as solidarity and reciprocity only make sense at the group level. As such, there needs of the community must be weighed against the needs of the individual |
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| The social contract is the imaginary obligations and methods of enforcement that people allegedly subscribe to in a civil society. Some moral philosophers think that man is naturally aggressive and selfish to such an extend that the social contract is completely unnatural (and therefore requires strong enforcement). Other philosophers think that social contract is much more natural and requires less force. |
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Actions are wrong or right are not based on the outcome of the action. Actions are right or wrong in themselves. So according to deontology, lying is wrong even if it would save someone's life.
-Sometimes called nonconsequentialist
-Morality is based on Duty. |
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| is a way of evaluating moral decisions based on the amount of pleasure that it provides. Good is defined as what brings pleasure to people. Bad is what brings pain. |
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| Virtue ethics are based on the character (virtues) of humans |
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| Promoted virtue ethics. Aristotle argued that happiness is ultimate good. |
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| Nietzche did not feel that humans had a will to happiness, but that they had a will to power. He argued that all people desired power more than anything else did. However, the strong could attain any type of real power. |
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| Nietzsche belief people exhibited the vitrues of pride, self assertion, power, cruelty, honor, rank and nobility then they were acting with noble ethics (or master ethics, they were the overman, or they were the superman) |
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| Nietzsche belief, most people are weak, they cannot achieve noble ethics, they include love, compassion, sympathy, obedience, altruism, self sacrifice, and humility |
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| Claims that all people are motivated only by their own self interest. This type of egoism is a result of what supporters consider a biological fact. |
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| Is selfless concern for the welfare of others. It is a traditional virtue in many cultures, and central to many religious traditions. In English, this idea was often described as the Golden Rule of ethics. |
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-If god commands you not to do something, then it is wrong to do it.
-If god commands nothing about an action, then it is morally permissible.
-If god commands you to do a specific action, then it is morally obligatory |
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| Certain moral principles cannot be proved or that they are self-evident. |
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One definition speaks to the political and or moral beliefs that women should be considered equal to men.
Another definition revolves around the concept that women are fundamentally different from men and that most moral philosophy has only be investigated from the mans point of view. Since women are different, they may face different moral problems or different solutions to classic moral problems. |
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| Most famous existentialist |
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| based on a belief that the human experience is no more and no less than simply existing; many people find existentialism synonymous with depression. Abstract moral questions are somewhat absurd in existentialism. The existentialist attempts to exist in each moment by making conscious choices. Moral dilemmas are only possible when someone is faced with a choice that could cause them to break a commitment. |
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| Talks about who should get which benefits and which burdens |
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| Talks about what punishments are appropriate for wrongdoing |
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| When and how to compensate someone for a loss |
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| formulated the correlativity of rights and duties (or obligations) if I have a right to speech. then others have the duty to refrain from stopping my speech. If I have a right to health care, then others have the obligation to provide that health care. |
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| a right that can never be violated. For ex: some people belive that everyone has a right to life. Many also believe that people can justifiably kill someone in self-defense. If you believe that even self-defense is not a good enough reason to kill, then you believe in an absolute right to life. |
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Are things that I have, a right to have
Ex: If I have a right to fair trial, then I must be given that trial. |
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| Enforced through laws and penalties |
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| Do not carry the weight of law, but people can still try to influence people to respect moral, rights by using criticism, encouragement, ect. |
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| Has argued that morality is based on rights and that some rights are so fundamental that they should rarely be interfered with. |
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are rights that you must have to enjoy other rights.
EX: You must be alive and eating to enjoy your right to speech and religion |
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| Are rights that you have because you have other rights. If you have a right to eat food, then you should probably have the right to possess food. |
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| Argued that in a given situation there are a number of primafacie obligations that must be satisfied. The moral dilemma is to find the most important obligation at the time. |
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| Duty or obligation that is determined to be the most important at the time. |
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| by far the most powerful proponent of duty. He argues that happiness is not the ultimate good. and that motive is the only way to measure moral actions. If you are motivated to perform an action out of duty, then it is a moral action. All other motives lack moral significance. |
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A rule that you formulate to reach an end.
EX: If you want to be physically fit, then you will exercise.
Hypothetical imperatives are not necessarily absolute or universal |
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is an absolute and universal moral rule. Kant stated it in 3 ways
1. Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
2. Act as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature.
3. Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. |
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| A persons capacity for making moral judgments and taking actions that comport with morality. |
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| Determines the extent to which its well-being must be ethically considered for its own sake. |
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| friendship, loyalty, fidelity, ect. |
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| The right of self-determination is the right to choose one's own actions or course of life. So long as doing so does not interfere unduly with the lives and actions of others. |
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| A moral obligation to act to benefit others, that is, to act in the interest of others |
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| is the state of doing no harm to others. It means you are not trying to help other people, but you are also trying not to hurt them. |
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| Someone (or the state) threatens harm in order to get you to do what they want |
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| Doctrine of Double Effect |
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how to deal with the side effects of actions. in general, we consider it okay for a good action to have some bad side effects, but we rarely consider it okay for a bad action to have good side effects.
EX: We consider it acceptable for a doctor to prescribe painkillers to a terminal patient that is in tremendous pain even though it sometimes kills them. We also do not consider it okay to intentional torture and kill an innocent person even if it leads to good things. |
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| Failure to treat people fairly because of a bias against (or for) some because of a characteristic such as race, religion, sex, national origin, sexual orientation, physical appearance, or disability that is irrelevant to the decision at hand. (e.g. job skills or qualifications for public housing) |
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| Is the meta-ethical belief that all ethical sentences reduce to factual statements about the attitudes of individuals. |
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Moral objectivism or moderate moral realism is the position that certain acts are objectively right or wrong, independent of human opinion. According to Richard Boyd, moral realism means that:
Moral statements are the sorts of statements which are (or which express propositions which are) true or false (or approximately true, largely false, ect.); The truth or falsity (approximate truth...) of moral statements is largely dependent on our moral opinions, theories, ect.; Ordinary canons or moral reasoning - together with ordinary canons of scientific and everyday factual reasoning - constitute, under many circumstances at least, a reliable method for obtaining and improving (approximate) moral knowledge. |
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| Investigates how people positively and negatively value things and concepts, the reasons they use in making their evaluations, and the scope of applications of legitimate evaluations, across the social world. When put into practice, these views are meant to explain our views of the good. |
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| To imply that the evolution of our particular moral sense was the result of the recognition of facts about hypothetical agreement. Thus an early human, disposed to judge that others could reasonable object to what she was intent on doing and motivated by that judgment, enhanced reproductive fitness partly because such judgments were sometimes true. |
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| Views that deny or raise doubts about various roles of reason in morality |
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| The belief that al values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence. |
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| Explained that the naturalistic fallacy is when we confuse what is with what ought to be. Just because certain events or actions exist does not mean that they are morally correct. |
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| the group of problems that deal with how we study ethics. EX: Instead of asking if something is good or bad. We has what I means for something to be good or bad. |
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| Any system of ethics that ultimately relies on rules. |
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| NON-Normative ethic that simply tries to describe ethical behavior and beliefs. |
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| A statement of belief along with its supporting evidence. |
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| A portion of argument that is either not stated (IT IS ASSUMED) or is assumed to be true in the context of the arugment |
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| equates moral judgments with value judgments. For example, if you say that something is morally correct because it does something good, then you are promoting an axiological view. To contrast, deontological theories are not axiological. They do not make any type of value judgment. |
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a. Moral language describes real events,
b. Moral claims are either true or false, and
c. We can and do have moral knowledge. |
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| Moral Reasoning (SLIPPERY SLOPE) |
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Argument attempts to show that something is bad because it might eventually lead to something else that is obviously bad.
EX: someone might say "if we pass a law prohibiting assault rifles, then eventually we will pass laws banning all types of guns" We consider this augment logically false. To be a valid argument it is necessary to demonstrate how one action inevitably leads to the final consequence. |
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| Moral Reasoning (STRAW MAN) |
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Argument is another logically false argument. If you distort someone else's position and then attack that position, then you are attacking the straw man.
EX: some people that supported the war in Iraq accused people who opposed the war of supporting Saddam Hussein. |
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| Moral Reasoning (FALSE DILEMMA) |
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| When someone presents only two options as the solutions to a problem |
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| is when someone takes an active role in helping someone to die. For example, administering enough drugs to kill someone is active. |
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is when we let people die to do inaction.
EX: Removing a feeding tube is passive |
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| is a system whereby minorities and women gain easier access to employment and education |
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| is a term used to describe the belief that humans are the most important species on the planet and that the needs of humans supersede all other species. |
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| Right action does not necessarily indicate virtuous good |
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| Character is most important |
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| rightness determined by outcome |
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| Goodness relevant but not decisive |
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| No reference to right or good |
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| References right in terms of good |
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| Good, Bad, Desirable, Worhty |
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| Right, Wrong, Duty, Obligation, Ought |
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| Rights, Claims, Demands, Justice |
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| Two or equally basic rules |
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| Rightness depends situation not from rules |
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| One ought always act justly |
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| Maximize the general good |
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| Act on maxims that can be universalized |
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| Act in accordance with Nature |
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| Whatever god commands is right |
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| Always maximize own personal good |
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| Rightness determined by rules principles and commandments |
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Maximize Freedom
Don't tread on me
Liberty
John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Alexis De Tocqueville
Self-Ownership, Lassiz-fare |
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| Ethics through a Woman's Point of View |
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| Johnathan Dancy States that some things are just wrong, and some things you just don't do. |
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| If an employers wants to discriminate his hiring or pay lower than minimum wage, he should be able to do so. |
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Free Market Philosophy
Only a minimal state system will respect individuals' rights
Positive Rights, A right to impose cost on others
Negative Rights, A right to be left alone.
Entitlement Theory: You're entitled to what you have as long as you've acquired it without violating others rights. |
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Everyone is equal & deserves equal rights & opportunities.
Irving Kristol |
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"everyone is allowed to try"
A career open to the talents
Meritocracy |
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