Deontological Ethical 

Theories

Any moral theory that says that the rightness or wrongness of an act is not a function of the consequences at all.

Do the right; do not do what is wrong.

A premise on which the argument rests but one which the author may be unaware of.

Critical thinking, then, is concerned with deciding what to believe.

An implied premise that is likely held by the author but is not stated expliciting.

I think, therefore I am.

Used to convince you of something.

A group os propositions, one of which the conclusion is claimed to follow from the other propositions the premisses.

Law of Identity: A is A

Law of Excluded Middle: Either or but not both

Law of Non-Conclusion: Two propositions cannot be both true and not true at the same time in the same respect.

You ought to take that course of action which is most conductive to fulfilling your life as a rational animal.

You ought to act in your long term interests not your short term interests.

Psychological Egoism

Ethical Egoism 

Thomas Hobbes

Universalizable

Prescriptive

Overriding

Publicized

Practical

Internally Consistent

Should be Clear

The implications of a moral theory should, for the most part, accord with ordinary moral institutions 

Must provide effective guidance 

Act- right or wrong

Intention- good or bad

Consequences- good or bad, or both

Character- virtuous or vicious

A person ought to act in accordance with the moral rules that, if followed, would produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. 

Not concerned with the consequences of each act but rather the consequences of following the moral rules.

Too demanding a moral standard

Doesn't take into account significant others

Denies that people have rights.

May not protect rights

Fails to take into account the "obligations of justice"

Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.

Often compared with the golden rule.

Perfect duties to self

Perfect duties to others

Imperfect duties to self

Imperfect duties to others

Beneficence- acting in a way that furthers the happiness or welfare of another versus acting in a way that you merely refrain from harming another

Nonmaleficence- do not harm innocent people

Liberty of Action

Freedom of choice in terms of range of options

Effective Deliberation

Picking vs. Choosing

Prima Facie Duties

Morally Significant Relations

All things considered judgement

There are no absolute duties only prima facie duties

Duties can be overridden

All duties are prima facie duties

You must consider all relevant information when making moral decisions.

Act

Intention

Character

Consequences

Fidelity: promise keeping, honoring contracts, telling the truth

Reparation: rests on a person's previous acts; is a person steals from another then has a duty to repay the amount.

Gratitude or Reciprocaity

Beneficence

Prima Facie Duties

Nonmaleficence

Justice

Self-Improvment

Man is a rational animal

Rationality- ability to reason

Biological Nature-being a animal

2 Kinds of Virtue

Intellectual Virtue- the exercise of reason

Moral Virtue- use reason to moderate one's impulses and appetites

Liberty of Action

Freedom of Choice in Terms of Range of Options

Effective Deliberation

Positive Rights- S has a positive right to X iff there is someone who is under a duty or obligations to provide S with X

Negative Rights- S has a negative right to X iff everyone is under and obligation to refrain from interferring with S's pursuit of X

Primary Moral Standing- has duties and obligations and can fulfil them

Secondary Moral Standing- has potential to be able to fulfil duties and obligations

Tertiary Moral Standing- cannot fulfil duties and/or obligations

Vices- acts by which a man harms himself or his property

Crimes- acts by which one man harms the person or property of another

The Harm Principle

The Offence Principle

The Principle of Weak Paternalism

The Principle of Strong Paternalism

Legal Moralism

The Social Welfare Principle

Justice in Outcome

Procedural Justice

Retributive Justice

Compensatory Justice

Affirmative Action

John Rawles 

Argument in Justice

1.       Unbiased and risk adverse

2.       They are rational

3.       They are Nontuistic

4.       They use the maximin principle in reaching a decision about the principles of justice.

Equal Liberty Principle

The Difference Principle

The Fair Equality of Opportunity Principle

The Just Savings Principle

1.Mix your labor; this adds value to the world.

2.Lockean Proviso: Take as much as you want out of the state of nature provided that you leave enough and/or as good for others.

3.No Spoilage Clause: You cannot take too much from the state of nature such that it spoils.

4.Invention of Money: Money allows people to store value thus preventing the no spoilage clause from being violated.

5.Trade and Commerce – Division of Labor

6.New inventions

7.Education

8.Transmission of knowledge to future generations.

Entitlement Theory of Justice

P1: Principle of Original Acquisition: Any person who acquires property from the state of nature in accordance with Locke's derivation of property rights is justly entitled to that property.

P2: Principle of Justice in Transfer: Any person who has justly acquired some property in accordance with P1 is entitled to transfer that property (trade it, sell it, or give it away) and the person who receives that property is justly entitled to it.

P3: The only legitimate moves are repeated applications of P1 and P2.

Public Goods

Free Rider Problem

David Gauthier from his 

Morals By Agreement

CM = Constrained Maximizer of Utility- Future cooperation opportunity expands.

SM = Straightforward Maximizer of Utility- Future cooperation opportunity gets smaller

Adopting CM disposition can solve PD

ESM = Enlightened SM also solves PD- You are like a CM except when your payoff is do great that the future cooperation payoffs are not important

that part which remains after each party receives their initial cost.
Minimax relative concession = minimize the maximum amount one would concede with respect to the cooperative surplus.