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| The language of morality. Words like "good", "wrong", or "just" are expressions of personal attitudes towards the object. No facts. |
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| Ethical statements are universal. A moral judgements remain the same if the situation is the same (regardless of facts). |
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| Moral agents need to act in self-interest.
(You can) |
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Moral agents act in self-interest regardless of seemingly altruistic situations/behaviors.
(actions only motivated by self interest) |
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| Moral statements express beliefs that are apt for truths/falsities. |
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| Moral statements have no truth, but are expressions of desires (approval/ disapprovals) |
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| Will (Desire) is the fundamental principle of the individual/universe. |
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| Moral statements are prepositions with the capacity to be true, made by mind-independant laws of the universe. |
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| Relativism (Problems with...) |
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| Truth is dependent on particular view points. (Problem: Is anything universal then?) |
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| Epistemological Queerness |
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| Knowing morals requires ability to track morality (which is different skill from knowing anything else.) |
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| Moral properties are unusual. (They're different from anything else related to thought.) |
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| Since we cannot understand other cultures, we cannot judge other cultures. |
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| "Ought implies Can" Principle |
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| Since something is necessary, it implies that it's possible to do it. (Necessity implies possibility) |
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| "Anthropologist's Heresy" |
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| One (of a certain culture) cannot judge the morality of another culture, because each truth is confined to the set of beliefs of each individual culture. |
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| Some ethical statements are made true by the objective features of mind-independant world. ((Cognitivism)) |
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Morality displays individual attitudes.
Cannot be proven. |
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| Domains of Normative Assessment |
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Morality
Law
Religion
Etiquette |
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| Behavior showing high moral standards |
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| Morality of an action is to be judged by its consequences. |
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| Metaphysical Subjectivism |
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| Knowledge is independent of mind |
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| Premise is true, following conclusions are true by effect |
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| We are fundamentally mistaken about facts. |
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| Based on randomness, choice, whim rather than reason. |
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Morality requires religious foundation
(Ethics is NOT autonomous) |
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| Voluntarism (Divine Command Theory) |
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(arbitrariness)
Something is moral because God approves it |
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| Naturalism (Divine Command Theory) |
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(independent)
God approves of moral things (because they are moral) |
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| If two objects have same natural qualities, then they have same moral properties |
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| Presuppositions of morality |
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| It is possible to have rational desires. Reason |
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| Other-regarding, at possible cost of self. |
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Pursuit of pleasure/removal of pain.
Determines aims in human life. |
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| Statements where the truth lies in the virtue of the definition of the words themselves. |
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| Wellbeing is independent of desires, concerns |
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| human flourishing (fruitful, good kind of life) |
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Wellbeing is constituted on how one experiences own life.
(Experiential) |
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Maximizing wellbeing by maximizing capacity.
(Objectivist) |
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| Satisfaction accounts for wellbeing (current desires) |
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| accounts of wellbeing (reflective evaluation) |
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| Human end goal is Happiness |
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| Must be good in itself, complete, self sufficient, reasonable. |
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| Irrational element in soul |
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| Moral Virtues + intellect |
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