Term
ACT vs. RULE
(given case scenario- mother in ER- on cocaine vs. THC) |
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Definition
ACT- benefits everyone / trying to Evaluate the Situation
- not the same drug (class difference)
- different effect on the body
- keep child?
- ?intent? - judge situation the same?
*You can Manipulate the situation & use it for your personal gain*
RULE- based on grounds & principles
- illegal drug use
- question of endangerment
- Home (what's going on in the home)
- potentially remove child from home |
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Term
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Definition
VALUE- Moral Quality, such as beliefs, qualities, traditions, or standards that are considered important and worthy
- Reason
- Purpose
- SELF-ESTEEM
VIRTUE- Character Traits that make up a moral life; a term conveying all the qualities comprising excellence in human beings.
Platos 4 Classical Virtues:
- Self-Control(temperence)
- Courage
- Wisdom
- Justice
(rationality, pride, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
teleos- Greek word meaning "end" "goal" or "purpose"
-the consequential approach- Good Actions produce Good Consequenses & Bad Actions produce Bad Consequenses |
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Term
| ?WHAT ARE ETHICAL THEORIES? |
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Definition
also called (MORAL THEOIRES) the arguments of some of History's greatest Thinkers for the Most Logical basis or morality
*Some issues will "look" differently through various ethical theories |
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Term
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Definition
theories base morality on the results and outcomes of behaviors (actions with good consequenses are seen as morally good)
EGOISM- theory of self-interest - Long-Term best interest, even at the expense of others
UTILITARIANISM- greatest possible people for the greatest possible number |
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Term
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Definition
think (Actions) - more Situational
the same act can be wrong one time and right another.
*Always act in order to promote the Greatest amount of satisfaction and the least amount of disatisfaction for the Greatest number of people*
(satisfaction= pleasure)
- your own perception or interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
1)AUTONOMY- patient's right- to choose & also to deal with consequenses of actions
2)NON-MELEFECENCE- to do no harm
3)BENEFICENCE- decision= the one that will produce the most good
4)DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE-(to everyone)a system which fairly & appropriately distributes everything from economic goods and services to public honors and awards |
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Term
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Definition
numerically Calculating the Total Cost of a possible decision along with its Likely Benefits as a method of choosing one course of action over others
(hidden costs can be honestly calculated)
-process of decision making |
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Term
| Steps in applying ACT Utilitarianism |
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Definition
1)Identify the Ethical Decision to be made
2)List all possible actions(what are the options?
3)List all people affected by these optional responses (stakeholders - whose involved?)
4)Determine the Net Utility of each option (tye sum of total happiness or unhappiness)
5)Choose and follow the option that produces the highest Net Utility
*The ONLY Consideration is the overall happiness of the Group* |
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Term
| Problems with ACT Utilitarianism |
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Definition
1)"Death Problem"- ?how do we estimate the amount of happiness of someone who's dead?
2)No actions can ever be Always right or Always wrong (because it's situational)
3)the welfare of an individual can get lost in the overall good of the group (individual's don't matter- & aren't supposed to) |
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Term
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Definition
Consequential Theory
- Theory of Self-Interest
-the right action in any situation is the one that is in the individual's Long-Term best interest
- YOU are the only stakeholder involved
-No actions are Always wrong
"What goes around, comes around" |
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Term
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Definition
1)Consider the Optionl Actions that could be taken
2)Determine the Most Probable Consequenses of each option
3)Choose the Option that is most in your own (or the individual's) long-term best interests |
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Term
| the 5 Sources of the Origins of Ethical Beliefs |
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Definition
1)AUTHORITY- tend to think that actions are right or wrong because some authority figure declared them to be so
2)CULTURE- the assumption that actions are right or wrong because my society, culture, or sub-culture thinks so
3)EMOTION- considers ethical statements as being little more than expressions of emotion (people make their ethical decisions based on their feelings)
4)INTUITION- innate sense of right and wrong, "Gut Instinct", the instinctual part of conscience
(Ex: Post Hoc, Slippery Slope, Statistical Correlation, Hasty Generalization)
5)*REASON*- logically consistent thinking - allows us to challenge what we are told
(Reason keeps the other origins grounded in rational reality) |
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Term
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Definition
Consequential Theory
-JEREMY BENTHAM - is credited with invenging Utilitarianism
-emphasises the aim of producing the greatest possible good for the greatest possible number
ACT- JEREMY BENTHAM- the "right" thing to do in any situation is the Action that produces the greatest possible good for the greatest possible number
RULE- JOHN STUARE MILL- the right thing to do is to follow the Moral Rule that would produce the greatest possible good, if everyone followed it |
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Term
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Definition
one should Follow the MORAL RULE that would produce the most happiness if eveyrone followed it
-Situation can change, but Moral behind it won't
-focus on which moreal rule would produce the most happiness for the most people
(ACT= more Situational- case by case basis) |
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Term
| Steps in applying RULE Utilitarianism` |
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Definition
1)List the moral rules that would be relevant to situations such as this
2)Determine the Net Utility of each rule, if everyone followed it (?How much happiness vs. unhappiness would each rule cause)
3)Choose the Moral Rule with the greatest Net Utility
4)Apply this rule to the ethical problem under consideration |
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Term
| ?WHAT DOES THE WORD TELEOLOGICAL mean? |
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Definition
| Ans: (TELEOLOGICAL Theory) from the Greek word teleos meaning "end", "goal" or "purpose". In this theory, you would consider the ends, or the outcomes of your decision - every thing has a purpose, or reason for living.. |
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Term
| ?WHO ARE THE TWO PRIMARY PHILOSOPHERS OF UTLITARIANISM? |
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Definition
JEREMY BENTHAM - ACT (action)- situationsl
JOHN STUART MILL - RULE (grounds or reason) |
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Term
| ?WHAT ARE THE 5 STEPS IN APPLYING ACT UTILITARIANISM TO AN ETHICAL PROBLEM? |
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Definition
1)IDENTIFY THE ETHICAL DECISION TO BE MADE
- 2)LIST ALL POSSIBLE ETHICAL DECISIONS TO BE MADE-List as many options as possible, that might end up hainvg the highest Net Utility
- 3)LIST ALL PAGES AFFECTED BY THESE OPTIONAL RESPONSES-(we want the most happiness for the most people)
- 4)DETERMINE THE NET UTILITY OF EACH OPTION (net utility=sum or total of happiness & unhappiness caused by a specific action / happiness= measurable)
- 5)CHOOSE AND FOLLOW THE OPTION THAT PRODUCES THE HIGHEST NET UTILITY (choose the best option according to the chart) |
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Term
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Definition
| the aim of producing the greatest possible good for the greatest possible number. Individuals rights and moral virtues or values don't matter (the ONLY consideration is the Overall Happiness of the GROUP) |
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Term
| ?WHAT ARE ETHICAL THEORIES? |
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Definition
| (MORAL THEORIES)-groups or clusters of ethical principles that are sysematically related or that are sharing a common theme. Enable clear communication among the people who share them. (They represent moral perspectives or points of view. A theory is a way of thinking about ethical issues) |
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Term
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Definition
A way of thinking about ethical issues
(Moral Theories represent moral perspectives or points of view.) |
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