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| Spinal chord goes down to approx what level? |
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| Connects the two halves of the cerebral cortex; large bundle of fibers |
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| diencephalon and misencephalon sit at an eighty degree angle to the brain stem |
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| 2 lateral ventricles, 3rd and fourth ventricle |
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| begins in the middle of the embryo, proceeds rostrally and caudally at the same time, folding of the neural plate into tube and separation of tube from the ectoderm by a layer of neural crest cells that migrate into that position |
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| what happens if the Rostral neuropore doesn't close? |
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| Failure of rostral neural tube to close |
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| will get into maternal blood supply if there is a neural tube defect |
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| Caudal NT closure defects |
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| Spina Bifida; occulta (A) 1:10 frequency, failure of caudal vertebrae (sclerotome) to close but there is no neurological deformity; SB Cystica (B-C) has neurological complications |
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| Spina Bifida cystica; spinal chord is contained in an enlargement of the subarachnoid space and sticks out of child's back |
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| spinal bifida cystica; spinal chord is continuous with ectoderm and does not stick out of the child's back, only the meninges stick out of the child's back |
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| floor plate (ventral) region of the neural tube gives rise to sonic hedge hog SHH which allows neural tissue to differentiate into motor neurons and interneurons, bone morphogenic proteins are in the dorsal part of the neural tube and allows differentiation of sensory neurons; determined by differential concentration gradients |
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| lines the central canal and becomes ependymal cells that line the ventricles and central canal |
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| middle layer for gray matter |
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| external most layer of neural tube that carries fibers and will form white matter |
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| separates the alar and basal palte of the neural tube |
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| ependymal layer; ependymal cells |
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| The ependymal cells line the walls of the ventricles and form the specialized choroid plexus epithelium which secretes the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); often cuboidal with cilia |
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| Neural Crest cells comprise what part of the nervous system |
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| cells at the meeting point between the neural folds that migrate away from the tube to become other structures; sensory ganglia, schwann cells, adrenal medulla, some cranial nerves, post-ganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system, satellite cells of the PNS, epidermal pigment cells. |
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| 3; Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon; end of 4th week rostral neurotube has closed and these vesicles are apparent |
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| between the rhombencephalon and spinal chord and is not present in adult brain |
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| occurs at mesencephalic level and persist in adult brain and results in eight degree orientation of forebrain to brainstem |
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| Name what the five secondary vescicles become in the adult brain and their cavities |
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myelenchepalon --> medulla and caudal fourth ventricle
metencephalon --> pons and cerebellum and rostral fourth ventricle
mesencephalon --> midbrain cerebral aqueduct
diencephalon --> thalamus, hypothalamus, optic cup, etc. and thirs ventricle
Telencephalon --> cerebrum, corpus striatum and lateral ventricle |
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R --> metencephalon and myelencephalon
Mes stays Mes
Pros--> Telencephalon and diencephalon |
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| what happens as the pontine flexure forms? |
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Definition
| the roof of neural tube thins and the alar plate moves laterally to the basal plate; lateral orientation of sensory to motor nerves maintained in caudal pons and rostral medulla brain; cranial nerves |
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| 5 part brain: name flexure junctions and locations in sixth week |
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cervical flexure still there
cephalic flexure more pronounced
pontine flexure forming on dorsal surface of metencephalon -- future pons |
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| folds into a diamond shape and becomes the fourth ventricle, sensory neurons are lateral to the motor neurons |
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| Cerebellum originates from what? |
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| the rostral edges of the pontine flexure gives rise to the cerebellum; lateral portions of alar plate in metencephalon form rhombic lips at 2nd month; enlarge during 3rd and 4th month, fusing at midline; cerebellum grows caudally over 4th ventricle, leaving just small portion of thin roof at caudal edge |
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| dominates brain growth after 6 weeks; grows over almost all other structures in brain; neurons from subventricular zone migrate outwards thickening the outer edge and causing convultion; furture basal ganglia located in telencephalon adjacent to diencephalon becomes corpus striatum (most of basal ganglia) |
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| thalamus and hypothalamus, optic cup |
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| overlies diencephalon and telencephalon fusion |
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| Outer surface of telencephalon |
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| Rathkes pouch + diverticulum |
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diverticulum becomes the posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary, floor of the third ventricle
Rathke's pouch (mouth) becomes adenohypophysis, anterior pituitary |
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| thalamus (on top) hypothalamus (below, duh) and epithalamus (behind and I think he hints this is the pineal gland) third ventricle |
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| Telencephalon grows into which lobes |
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| C shaped cerebral hemisphere, temporal and frontal lobes |
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| outer layer of cortex is smooth, there are no neurons there; defective neuron production or migration in 3-4 month |
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| new neurons are born next to the ependymal layer, what is the name of this zone? |
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| randomly developed neurons from the subventricular zone displaced towards the ventricle creates bands of cell bodies and hyperexcitability; seizures |
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| begins at the fourth month... proceeds postnatally and starts at the head and proceeds caudally and correlates with the ability of developing infant to control movements;myelination of corticospinal tract occurs from birth to two years (motor control) |
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| the corpus collsum that connects the two hemispheres is missing |
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| the corpus collsum that connects the two hemispheres is missing |
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| congenital abnormality in cerebral aqueduct, too skinny, fluid continues to be produced in lateral ventricles and head swells |
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| rostral end of the neural tube closes at day 23 and the caudal end of the neuro tube closes at day 25 |
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| Arnold-chiari malformations |
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| a type of spina bifida, or rachischisis, in which the caudal end of the spinal chord is tethered to the skin around the sacrum; can cause traction injuries to brain stem and cerebellum; 1:1000 frequency; can lead to stenosis of ventricles |
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| a longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall of the embryo; stretches from the mesencephalon caudad; also separates the alar plate and dorsal plate of the neural tube |
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| superficial to ventricular zone; where proliferating neurons are born; in spinal chord cell bodies are on inside and fibers, white matter, stays on outside; in the cerebral cortex proliferating neurons migrate to to the outside and fibers are found deep to them |
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| clusters of neural crest like cells that form the following structures; lens of the eye, inner ear hair cells, olfactory epithelium, ganglia of cranial nerves 5, 7, 8, 9, 10. these placodes are induced to differentiate by underlying neural structures ro neural tube |
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| lateral to neural tube 1) sclerotomes--> vertebrae 2)myotome--> muscle 3) dermatome --> skin |
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| connects the two lobes of the telencephalon and provides a framework for the crossing of cortical fibers to form the corpus callosum and anterior commissure (fiber tracts that connect two hemispheres) |
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| in growth in the roof of primitive mouth that fuses with a diverticulum of the third ventricle, which becomes neurohypophysis and is continuous with hypothalamus; original connection withprimitive mouth is lost; adenohypophysis develops from the mouth |
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| frontal lobe first grows forward and the temporal lobe grows posteriorly and then anteriorly. C shape growth |
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| which months in brain development have tremendous growth |
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