1) The world is knowable through our senses and is comprehensible

2) Nature is orderly and not capricious

3) The principles by which nature functions are discoverable

4) These principles are universally applicable

5) These principles are tentative and open to change with new evidence

1) Facts

2) Hypothesis

3) Laws

4) Models

5) Theories

Science:

1) relies on empirical evidence

2) is tentative but durable

3) is self-correcting, though not without error

4) is a human endeavor

Yes, because science is about rejecting or accepting, and the above are all modes of rejecting or accepting science.

1) Wesleyan Model

2) God and Truth Model

3) Two Windows Model

-founded by H. Orton Wiley

-dictates God as the author of all truth.

-Revelation occurs through two "books" which are:

1) Nature/Cosmos

-science by scientists --> scientific truth

2) Christ/Scripture

-Theology by theologians --> religious truth

-One world informed by two equally developed windows of thought

-Science and Religion are those two windows

-the universe as nature 

-which is known by causes and effects

-curiosity about the givenness of things; e.g. laws of nature

-investigation: observation, measurement, experiment, theorizing

-assumes no supernatural intervention

-the universe as creation

-the universe as a display of God's glory

-wonder about the giftedness of things; e.g. grace

-contemplation: thanksgiving, celebration, sacramentality

-God may intervene within nature and our lives

-AD 90 - 168

-Greek astronomer

-wrote The Algamest

-Concordant with Aristotle's universe

-Geocentric

-Perfect circles of orbit

-constant speed

-slightly offset Earth for better accuracy

-AD 1473-1543

-Polish monk

-Heliocentric Model 

-Perfect circles of orbit

-AD 1571-1630

-German mathematician and astronomer

-Proposed ellipses instead of circles

-used math to support theory

-AD 1564-1642

-Discoveries:

1) Sunspots

2) Surface of the moon

-Wrote Starry Messenger

1) The universe is vast.

2) The universe is not static.

-shift in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight

-the closer the star, the larger the parallax

d=1/P

-"the law of diminishing returns

-distant candles appear dimmer

-If we know:

Intrinsic, real brightness and the apparent brightness that we measure at the Earth then we can:

find distance.

-Challenge: finding good standard candles

-Cepheid "variable" stars make good standard candles because they display consistent behavior

-Visible light spectrum: ROYGBIV

V=frequency x wavelength

-Short wavelength equals long frequency

-long wavelength equals short frequency

-approach: shift towards higher frequency

-light waves shift towards blue

-Recede: shift towards lower frequency

-light waves shift towards red

-Amount of shift indicates speed

-for light, we look for the shift in spectra lines

-More distant galaxies are moving away at a faster rate

-the further away, the faster the recession

-distance to galaxies

-the speed at which they were moving away

-therefore, he could figure out the age of the universe

-Needed more distant objects

-Needed better standard candles

-Needed better techniques of determining distance

-Model of the expansion of the universe

-Extremely hot and dense beginning

-space, time, matter, and energy all came into existence as a primordial fireball of matter and radiotion 13.6 bya

-after a few seconds, T ~ 10^9 degrees

-and nuclear reactions begin to make atoms

-~380,000 years later the universe:

-is ~3000 degrees

-becomes transparent, CMB

-Pursuant to "last scattering"

-Further cooling and rarefaction

-Stars and galaxies form

-Wein's Law:

-all objects with temperatures greater than 0K radiate energy

-blackbodies radiate light over many wavelengths

-there is one wavelength at which the blackbody puts out maximum intensity for a certain temperature

-The lower the T of the blackbody, the longer the wavelength, moving from UV to Infrared

-cooler Ts push towards longer wavelengths

-predicted by particle physicists in the 1940s

-radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the universe

-considered landmark test of the BB Model

-fits in with the BB Model's prediction temperature, the formation of atoms, and the transparency of the universe

1) Arose during the late 1800s within the Evangelical Protestant Church

2) Difficult to define, but one possible definition:

"a movement in American Protestantism that arose. . . in reaction to modernism and that stresses the infallibility of the Bible not only in matters of faith and morals but also as a literal historical record"

1) soul winning

2) militant defense of faith

-Key leader in the rise of fundamentalism

-Founded Moody Bible Institute

-zeal for soul winning, making him "the Billy Graham of the 19th century"

-Played an active role in anti-evolution crusades in 1920s

-Died in 1899

-series of 12 booklets printed: The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth

-printed between 1905-1915

-Contained articles from religious scholars

-reasserted scriptural inerrancy in response to criticism

-symbolized the broad united front of fundamentalism in opposition to modernism

-articles did not all articulate identical views against evolution, showing that exact beliefs of fundamentalism were not established (according to Marsden)

1) transformation of American universities from 1860-1900

-51 of 54 university presidents in 1839 were evangelical clergymen

-number fell greatly by 1900

-shifted away from focusing on higher Christian education

2) early 20th Century immigration of Roman Catholics, Jews, and non-religious people into a nation that Evangelicals considered Protestant

-were blurred in the early 20th Century

-renowned liberal preacher

-1922:

stated that fundamentalism is militant orthodoxy rather than just Christian orthodoxy

-did not believe that fundamentalism had much to do with content of doctrine

-suggests nuances of fundamentalism wil always be a part of Evenagelical psyche as a response to modernity & change

-fundamentalists equate literal interpretation with belief in the bible

-generates new forms of "anti-intellectualism" for church

-God's relationship with humanity can be divided into different eras as explained by special interpretations

-biblical inerrancy is central

-Biblical inerrancy never had a central role in Christianity

-absolutist view of scripture is not the only view that occurred in 1800s

-1925

-evolution remained out of textbooks until 1960s

-John Scopes:

-Tennessean schoolteacher

-tried for teaching evolution

-convicted, but fundamentalists were ridiculed

-William Jennings Bryan:

-prosecutor

-tried to use literal interpretation of the Bible as a defense

-died one week after trial 

-avoided extremist position

-established Nazarene article of scripture:

"in all things necessary to our salvation."

-important distinction from inerrancy in all matters

-supported ancient Earth geology

-wrote extensively on stars

-ruled that prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the classrooms was unconstitutional in violation of religious neutrality

-upheld teaching of evolution but did not address teaching of creationism

-Ruled that balanced treatment laws in Louisiana--laws requiring the teaching of creationism in public classrooms whenever evolution was taught--were unconstitutional in advancing a particular religion

-dampened creationist effort to overtly insert creationism in the public classroom

-2002

-debate over placement of sticker on biology book disclaiming the major evolution unit found in the book

-sticker stated: "evolution is a theory, not a fact...material should be approached with an open mind, studied carefully, and critically considered"

-stickers were initially approved by school board

-judge ordered the removal of all stickers

-board eventually signed a settlement not to hinder teaching of evolution

-ID proponents encouraged the teaching about the conflict of evolution and suggested the ID theory instead

-parent of student filed a lawsuit challenging this teaching; violation of Establishment Cause in 1st Ammendment

-judge ruled that ID was only grounded in theology, not science, and should not be taught

-influenced by ID proponents to change standards of education in schools by removing evolution

-led to public controversy

-2007-->school board approved standard "in which evolution is treated in a scientifically appropriate way"

-4th time board had revised standards over evolutin in 8 years

-supports religiously inspired ideas with the manipulation of science

-well funded and active

-adapts science to conform to strict literal reading of Genesis

-accepts microevolution but not macroevolution

-founded by Henry M. Morris

-Duane Gish

-insists on absolute inerrancy of the Bible

-claims scientific evidence of 7 day creation/flood

-tries to undermine Big Bang, biological evolution, and plate tectonics

-maintains a graduate school but not accredited by the State of California

-similar groups include: Answers in Genesis, Creation Science Evangelism, Creation Evidence Museum

-active YECer

-founded "Answers in Genesis"

-accomodates modern theories of science to fith the Bible

-believes in simple to complex creation done by God

-accepts microevolution but not macroevolution

-Leading PC group

-believes God has intervened over many years to create

-recent form of creationism

-argues against evolution due to irreducible complexity and design inference

-does not deny evolution as descent with modification from common ancestor, unlike YEC and PC

-biochemist and leading ID scientist

-flagellum and clotting system are irreducible

-prominent ID mathematician/philosopher

-low probability events can only be due to an intelligent designer

-explaines something by design when it is not explained by law or chance

-lacks solid theories and peer-reviewed research

-has been deemed non-scientific by scientists/educators

-denomination is aligned with Evangelicalism

-influence of creationism on denomination is difficult to assess

-Nazarene Denomination has an official creation statement but actualization of position is often a local affair

1) general influence of creationism on evangelicalism

2) few published theological journals

3) related circumstantial events that have received national attention

-noted that many nazarene clergy opposed evolutionary theory and agreed that scientific creationism should be taught in bio classes

-many of denomination's (Nazarene) clergy don't understand or dissociate themselves with the sequence of the US Supreme Court rulings which is surprising since the denomination officially takes a more open view

-Creationist withing local congregations may be unaware of Nazarene Manual's statement on creation

-Some may interpret it to fit their personal viewpoint

-General Superintendent of the Church of the Nazarene in 2001

-acknowledged that fundamentalism has crept into the denomination

-called for more scholarly research from Nazarene university educators

-Ph.D. in molecular genetics

-taught at a Nazarene college for 6 years

-became a researcher for "Answers in Genesis" (YEC)

-Ph.D. microbiologist

-believes God is designer who creates through random processes, including evolution

-affirms God's role as creator and accepts scientific theories based on verifiable evidence

-accepts theistic interpretation of evolution

-many Nazarene universities teach evolutionary theory but have no mandate on teaching creationism

-Gen Assembly (1928) avoided strict literalistic stance; instead "in all things necessary to salvation," which is still in the manual

Deceitful tactic art of taking quotes out of context in an effort to show that the author is saying the opposite of what he is in fact saying. 

-used widely among YECers to attempt to discredit evolution

-Ex. -Darwin Ch 6 "But I can find no such case"

-1859

-wasn't rejected by all Christians

-Ultimate cause

-God is the author and creator of the universe

-proximate causes

-natural, scientific explanations

-God works through secondary causation (evolution, natural phenomena)

1) Biblical literalism

-the Bible is a history book and one should trust God. "Were you there?"

-if one refutes the Bible on the matter of origins, he or she is compromising the rest of the Bible

2) Moral decay of society

-belief in evolution is the reason for moral decay

-Dr. Lisle--Answers in Genesis--states that there are only 2 paradigms: belief in God or a belief in evolution

YEC:

-Young universe (approx. 10000 yrs old)

-rejects macro-evolution, accepts micro-evolution

-believes God had a literal 6-day intervention in the origin of the world

-strict literal interpretation of Gen 1-11

PC:

-Old universe (approx. 10-15 billion years old)

-Rejects macro-evolution, accepts micro-evolution

-Believes God had direct intervention for basic "kinds" of life over millions of years

-Believes God had indirect activity for inanimate universe (natural processes)

-General literalism of Gen 1-11; creation days = geological ages; local flood

-Not yet having something explained does not make it unexplainable

-Uses "God of the gaps"

-pushes God out when scientific discoveries are made

-poor theology because God should have never been placed in that gap in the first place

-Jews believe that it is obvious that God (as creator) creates creation; reason why God and nature are rarely mentioned in the O.T.

-Take Gen 1-11 as a statement of human role on Earth

-See parallel structure of Gen story as important

-Believe that every aspect of the way we live our life is rooted in how the creator creates creation

1) humans are made in the image of God

2) humans are commanded to:

a) multiply

b) fill the Earth

c) subdue the Earth

3) God has a relationship with all the other creation and gives them commands like he does with humans

-Day 1 (light/darkness) <-->Day 4 (moon, sun, stars)

-Day 2 (sea/sky) <--> Day 5 (fish, foul)

-Day 3 (land/vegetation) <--> Day 6 (animals, including humans)

-Chance, something could have been another way

-What is possible

-Freedom to explore possibilities

-It could only occur 1 way

-what must occur

-not determined, but somewhat inevitable

-Test composed by the Supreme Court in 1971

-Used for deciding Establishment Clause disputes

-Purpose is to determine when a law has the effect of establishing religion

1) effect of either advancing or inhibiting religion?

2) does it serve a secular purpose?

3) does it create unnecessary entanglement?

1) in the essentials, unity; in the nonessentials, liberty; in all things, charity.

2) "all truth is God's truth, and therefore God can hardly be threatened by our scientific discoveries" - Francis Collins