Term
| what enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| affects of dihydrotestosterone (5) |
|
Definition
1. external genitalia
2. prostate growth
3. acne
4. facial/body hair
5. scalp hair loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. wolffian ducts
2. bone formation
3. muscle mass
4. spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| exzyme that converts testosterone --> estradiol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hypothalamic/pituitary feedback
2. bone resorption
3. epiphyseal closure
4. gynecomastia
5. vascular and behavioral effects |
|
|
Term
| what kind of testosterone is bioavailable |
|
Definition
| testosterone bound to albumin (50-70%) and T unbound (.5-3%) |
|
|
Term
| 30-45% of test is bound to what binding globulin. is this bioavailable? |
|
Definition
steroid hormone binding globulin
NO |
|
|
Term
feedback regulation of test production
describe process from hypothalamus --> - feedback loop |
|
Definition
hypo --> GnRH --> pituitary
pituitary releases LH and FSH
FSH --> seminiferous tubules --> inhibin
LH --> interstitial tissue --> testosterone
testosterone acts on ST and inhibits hypothalamus and pituitary
inhibin negatively feedbacks on pituitary to decrease LH and FSH production |
|
|
Term
| how is testosterone made in the leydig cell |
|
Definition
LH upregulates cAMP and PKA
PKA to nucleus upregulates STAR and increases steroid synthesis
testosterone made |
|
|
Term
| where does testosterone go from the leydig cell |
|
Definition
some into circulation
some into the sertoli cell |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the sertoli cell |
|
Definition
FSH upregulates cAMP, PKA and cytoskeletal protein
PKA goes to nucleus and makes inhibin , androgen binding protein,and proteins for spermatogenesis
growth factors diffuse back into leydig cell and help with testosterone production |
|
|
Term
| testosterone levels throughout life |
|
Definition
spikes in utero
spikes once during first yr
low until puberty
10-20 puberty yrs increases and remains high until 30s
after 30 begins to decline |
|
|
Term
| testosterone requires chemical modifications for clinical usefulness (3) |
|
Definition
1. esterification of the 17 beta hydroxyl group (testosterone propionate)
2. aklylation of the 17alpha position (methyltestosterone)
3. modification of rings (danazol) |
|
|
Term
| what does esterification of 17beta OH group do |
|
Definition
| decreases polarity --> more soluble in oil and can be injected resulting in slower release into the circulation |
|
|
Term
| is testosterone proprionate orally active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is testosterone propionate metabolized to become active |
|
Definition
| YES, the ester group is metabolized for activity |
|
|
Term
| is methyltestosterone orally active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does methyltestosterone require metabolism for activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can danazol be aromatized to estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| therapeutic uses of testosterone (6) |
|
Definition
1. hypogonadism
2. delayed puberty in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
3. testosterone therapy in aging men
4. osteoporosis
5. higher vertebral bone mass
6. muscle development |
|
|
Term
| affects of testosterone therapy (3) |
|
Definition
1. improves libido not ED
2. increases lean body mass
3. does not improve depression or cognitive function |
|
|
Term
| side affect of using androgens in delayed puberty |
|
Definition
| height loss from epiphyseal closure |
|
|
Term
| age restriction and contraindications with androgen therapy |
|
Definition
don't give <13 yo
don't use with aromatase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| low testosterone levels are ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many % of men have low testosterone levels? |
|
Definition
| 4% between 40 and 50 have T <150 ng/dl |
|
|
Term
| can structure predict the extent of androgenic vs anabolic activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| commonly used androgenic compounds for replacement therapy (2) |
|
Definition
1. testosterone propionate (T esters)
2. methyltestosterone |
|
|
Term
| commonly used anabolic compounds (2) |
|
Definition
1. oxandrolone (oxandrin)
2. stanozolol |
|
|
Term
| potent androgen developed to avoid detection |
|
Definition
| HGH or tetrahydrogestinone |
|
|
Term
| side effects of androgen therapy (5) |
|
Definition
1. mood changes
2. virilization in women (facial hair, deep voice, menstrual irregularities, acne)
3. feminization of men (peripheral aromatization to estradiol, inhibition of GnRH)
4. sodium and water retention --> most consistnet finding
5. cholestatic hepatitis --> 17 alpha alkylated derivatives (yellow skin) |
|
|
Term
| effects of androgen therapy (5 more) |
|
Definition
6. virilization and closure of epihphyses in children
7. inhibits spermatogenesis
8. increase LDL, decrease HDL (greater affect on reducing HDL/LDL ratio than on T itself)
9. increases hematocrit
10. libido increase or decrease --> elderly men see excessive stimulation usually |
|
|
Term
| how does androgen therapy inhibit spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
- inhibits LH and endogenous T production
- supraphysiologic circulating levels of T - feedback to block spermatogenesis
- progestin + physiological doses of T inhibit LH and spermatogenesis while maintaining normal circulating T levels |
|
|
Term
| drugs in treatment of BPH (4) |
|
Definition
1. leuprolide
2. flutamide, bicalutamide
3. finasteride, dutasteride
4. terazosin, prazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthetic analog of GnRH (LHRH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
initial release of FSH and LH
long term inhibition of release and reduction of FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hot flashes
impotence
gynecomastia |
|
|
Term
| flutamide bicalutamide class |
|
Definition
| nonsteroidal antiandrogens |
|
|
Term
| flutamide bicalutamide use |
|
Definition
| prostate cancer (in combination with radiation) |
|
|
Term
| finasteride and dutasteride class |
|
Definition
| 5 alpha reductase inhibitor (decreases DHT) |
|
|
Term
| finasteride and dutasteride use (3) |
|
Definition
1. BPH
2. male pattern baldness
3. hisutism |
|
|
Term
| finas and dutasteride should not be used by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| terazosin, prazosin, doxazosin and tamsulosin class |
|
Definition
| alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists |
|
|
Term
| terazosin, prazosin, doxazosin and tamsulosin effect |
|
Definition
| relaxes prostatic smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| terazosin, prazosin, doxazosin and tamsulosin use |
|
Definition
| 1. concurrent hypertension and BPH |
|
|
Term
| terazosin, prazosin, doxazosin and tamsulosin side effects |
|
Definition
| salt/water retention if not used with a diuretic |
|
|
Term
| when giving terazosin, prazosin, doxazosin and tamsulosin what other drug must you give with it? |
|
Definition
| diuretic to prevent water retention |
|
|
Term
| would you give pseudoephedrine or ephedrine to patient's with BPH? |
|
Definition
NO
they stimulate adrenergic receptor and worsen BPH |
|
|
Term
| treatment of hirsutism (2) |
|
Definition
1. spironolactone
2. progestin antiandrogens (cyproterone acetate) |
|
|
Term
| what kind of drug is spironolactone? |
|
Definition
weak androgen R antagonist
antagonist of the mineralocorticoid R |
|
|
Term
| what is spironolactone used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of drugs are progestin antiandrogens? |
|
Definition
ex. cyproterone acetate
a weak antiandrogen at target organs |
|
|
Term
| What is progestin antiandrogen used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you administer with progestin antiandrogen in oral contraceptives? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A 64-year-old man comes to the physician complaining of a 6-month history of difficulty urinating with frequent straining and dribbling. The physician proceeds with drug therapy, which gives the patient moderate symptomatic relief, but he also notices an increase in hair growth over his scalp. Which of the following is the best description of the drug’s mechanism of action?
A. Decreased Leydig cell stimulation by LH
B. Decreased Leydig cell androgen synthesis
C. Decreased peripheral androgen aromatization
D. Decreased peripheral androgen 5-alpha-reduction
E. Impaired androgen receptor interaction
F. Impaired second messenger action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A woman who has been taking an oral contraceptive (estrogen plus progestin) for several years is diagnosed with epilepsy and started on phenytoin. What is the most likely consequence of adding the phenytoin?
A. Excessive endometrial growth outside the uterine cavity requiring stopping both drugs immediately
B. Breakthrough bleeding from increased circulating estrogen and progestin concentrations
C. Increased depression due to estrogen-hypericin interactions
D. Reduced contraceptive efficacy
E. Thromboembolism from the estrogen component of the contraceptive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH and FSH levels throughout life |
|
Definition
low at birth
surge in plasma gonadotropins during infancy, decreases in childhood
increases again during puberty in a cyclical fashion during the month (important for ovulation)
- after age 50 increases and staysup |
|
|
Term
| Physiological actions of estrogens (9) |
|
Definition
1. hypothalamic and pituitary feedback, vasomotor stability
2. Libido/mood
3. Feminization
4. Development of endometrium (endometrial proliferation)
5. Bone metabolism (antiresorptive effects)
6. Closure of epiphyses
7. Nitrogen balance
8. Water and electrolyte retention
9. Protein synthesis by liver: |
|
|
Term
| what proteins are synthesized in the liver in response to rising estrogen levels (5) |
|
Definition
a. Hormone carrier proteins up
b. Clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) up
c. Renin substrate up
d. HDL up
e. LDL down |
|
|
Term
| effect of estrogen on HDL and LDL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| estrogen on water and salt balance in body |
|
Definition
| causes water and salt retention |
|
|
Term
| what kind of receptor is the estrogen receptor (ER) |
|
Definition
| steroid receptor with downstream GPCR affects |
|
|
Term
| what is a SERM, give 2 examples |
|
Definition
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
1. tamoxifen
2. raloxifene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selective estrogen receptor downregulator |
|
|
Term
| do all ER's bind estrogen with the same affinity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. estradiol valerate
2. estradiol cypionate |
|
|
Term
| how are 17beta esters administered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 17 alpha substituted estrogens (2) |
|
Definition
1. ethinyl estradiol
2. mestranol |
|
|
Term
| are 17 alpha substituted estrogens orally active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 17alpha substituted estrogens metabolism rate by the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 17alpha substituted estrogen use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Na estrone sulfate
2. Na equilin sulfate
3. equilin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hormone replacement therapy
2. vasomotor symptoms
3. vaginal and vulvar atrophy |
|
|
Term
| diethystillbestrol (DES) used to be used to be prescribed as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Harmful affects of DES on fetus |
|
Definition
| increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix in female offspring of mothers who used DES while pregnant |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological uses of Estrogen (6) |
|
Definition
1. combination with progestins in oral contraceptives (ethinyl estradiol and mestranol)
2. menstrual, reproductive, developmental abnormalities (hypogonadism)
3. prostate cancer
4. dysmenorrhea
5. premenstrual dysphoric disorder
6. post-menopausal E therapy |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms are alleviated with postmenopausal E therapy? (5) |
|
Definition
1. vasomotor
2. osteoporosis
3. emotional distress
4. vaginal atrophy
5. effects on cognitive f(x) |
|
|
Term
| what are the side effects of E therapy? (7) |
|
Definition
1. nausea, weight gain & edema
2. endometrial cancer
3. increased vaginal and cervical cancer among offspring of moms on DES
4. thromboemboli
5. increase in BP
7. gall bladder disease
8. breast cancer risk (when used with progestins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HD +7
stroke +8
breast cancer +8
hip fractures -5
other fractures -211
colon cancer -6
uterine cancer -5 |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 synthetic anti-estrogens? (SERMS) |
|
Definition
1. tamoxifen
2. clomiphene
3. raloxifene |
|
|
Term
| what is tamoxifen used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| side effects of tamoxifen |
|
Definition
vasomotor instability
blood clots
uterine cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induce/increase ovulation in women with intact ovaries |
|
|
Term
| clomiphene side effects and contraindications |
|
Definition
vasomotor instability
do NOT give to patients with venous thromboembolic disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
osteoporosis and vertebral fractures
agonist in bone and lipid metabolism
antagonist in brain, uterus, and breast tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7alpha alkylamide derivative of estradiol |
|
|
Term
| binding affinity of fulvestrant to ER? |
|
Definition
| 100 times higher affinity than tamoxifen --> prevents dimeriazation and promotes degradation |
|
|
Term
| what do you use against tamoxifen resistant breast cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is fulvestrant administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. aminoglutethimide
2. steroidal exemestane
4. steroidal formestane
5. non steroidal anastrozole |
|
|
Term
| use of aromatase inhibitors |
|
Definition
| 1st or 2nd line treatment of breast cancer - very effective |
|
|
Term
| is aminoglutethimide still used? |
|
Definition
| no, you have to give hydrocortisone as it suppresses the syn of adrenocortical steroids |
|
|
Term
| which are the preferred aromatase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
steroidal 3rd gen formestane and exemestane
nonsteroidal anastrozole |
|
|
Term
| side effects of aromatase inhibitors |
|
Definition
vasomotor instability
no increased risk of uterine cancer or venous thromboembolism |
|
|
Term
| phsiological actions of progestins (5) |
|
Definition
1. decreases frequency of GnRH pulses
2. suppresses uterine smooth muscle contractility
3. stabilizes endometrium, maturation and secretions
4. development of mammary gland
5. thermogenic activity (mid cycle increase in T during ovulation) |
|
|
Term
| what is responsible for T increase during ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what decreases GnRH pulse frequency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic Uses of progestins (4) |
|
Definition
1. Oral contraceptives (with or without estrogens)
2. dysfunctional uterine bleeding (high levels of unopposed estrogen)
3. endometriosis
4. endometrial and breast cancer |
|
|
Term
| is progesterone orally active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is progesterone administered? |
|
Definition
| IM (irritating after injections) |
|
|
Term
| What is less susceptible to metabolism? |
|
Definition
| progesterone and testosterone (or 19nor) derivatives |
|
|
Term
| progesterone derivatives (2) |
|
Definition
1. medroxyprogesterone acetate
2. megestrol acetate |
|
|
Term
| 19 nortestosterone derivatives (3) |
|
Definition
1. norgestrol
2. norethindrone
3. ethynodiol |
|
|
Term
| do all progestins have the same estrogenic, androgenic and anti-androgenic effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which derivates are more likely to be androgenic and antiestrogenic? |
|
Definition
| 19 nortestosterone derivatives |
|
|
Term
| progestin side effects (2) |
|
Definition
1. breakthrough bleeding
2. decreased HDL |
|
|
Term
| name a synthetic 19 Norsteroids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does mifepristone work |
|
Definition
1. a weak partial agonist and predominantly antogonistic on the progesterone receptor
2. competitive inhibitor or progesterone and glucocorticoid receptor
3. blocks action of progesterone on estrogen-primed endometrium to stimulate endometrial PGE production and subsequent menstrual bleeding
4. increases PE levels by inhibiting PGE dehydrogenase activity |
|
|
Term
| therapeutic use of mifepristone/RU486 (2) |
|
Definition
1. terminate pregnancy (in combo with misoprostol)
2. anti-glucocorticoid |
|
|
Term
| side effects of RU486/mifepristone? |
|
Definition
1. nausea
2. dizziness
3. abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
growth of endometrium outside the uterine acvity, usually the peritoneal cavity
- associated with pain and infertility |
|
|
Term
| 4 methods to treat endometriosis |
|
Definition
1. surgery
2. GnRH agonists (leuprolide)
3. medroxyprogesterone
4. birth control pills (estrogen adn progestin)
5. danazol |
|
|
Term
| short and long term effect of leuprolide |
|
Definition
short term --> same stimulatory effect as GnRH
long term --> suppresses GnRH from the pituitary gland and reduces steroidogenesis in the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| how does medroxyprogesterone work? |
|
Definition
1. inhibits gonadotropin secretion
2. decreases endometriosis related pain by suppressing serum estradiol concentrations |
|
|
Term
| what are birth control pills made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derivative of 17 alpha ethinyl testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces estrogen production by lowering the output of FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what affect does progestin have on estrogen |
|
Definition
| progestins oppose estrogen effects |
|
|
Term
| what effect does progestin have on the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
| progestin has negative effects on the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| where does fertilization occur |
|
Definition
fallopian tubes
blastocyst implants on days 4-5 |
|
|
Term
| do estrogens increase or decrease contractions of the fallopian tubes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do progestins increase or decrease contractions of the fallopian tubes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do progestins trigger? What do they inhibit? |
|
Definition
Triggers
1. Formation of hostile cervical mucus
2. endometrium switch from proliferative to the secretory phase
inhibits --> smooth muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of progestins and estrogens on epithelial proliferation in mammary tissue |
|
Definition
| they both stimulate epithelial proliferation in mammary tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a partial estrogen receptor agonist (SERM) that competes with estrogen @ hypothalamus and pituitary
inhibits - feedback on hypothalamus and increases LH and FSH |
|
|
Term
| side effects of clomiphene |
|
Definition
1. multiple births (10%)
2. hot flashes (10%)
3. ovarian enlargement
4. blurred vision
5. ovarian cancer
6. loss of bone density with prolonged use |
|
|
Term
| do you need a functioning pituitary and ovary for clomiphene to work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the anterior pituitary is not responding what do we give to induce fertility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you need to have to use gonatropins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are gonadotrophins administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 types of Gonadotropins? |
|
Definition
1. Menotropin
2. Urofollitropin or recombinant follitropin
3. Human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
Term
| what is menotropin made of? |
|
Definition
LH and FSH
More FSH than LH |
|
|
Term
| What is Urofollitropin made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the side effects of gonadotropin administration? |
|
Definition
1. multiple births
2. overstimulation of the ovaries (monitor follicular growth and estradiol levels) |
|
|
Term
| what treats amenorrhea or galactorrhea syndrome from hyperprolactinemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does bromocriptine work? |
|
Definition
| D2 receptor agonist that inhibits the release of prolactin |
|
|
Term
| how is GnRH pump administered? |
|
Definition
| SQ in a pulsatile fashion |
|
|
Term
| what is the other name for GnRH? |
|
Definition
| Gonadorelin (gonadotropin releasing hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 fertility agents used in men? |
|
Definition
1. menotropins
2. Follitropin and urofollitropin
3. Clomiphene |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of clomiphene in men? |
|
Definition
| improves sperm count but doesn't increase pregnancy rate |
|
|
Term
| most common estrogen antifertility agent used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common progestin antifertility agent used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| combination oral contraceptives come in 2 types what are they? |
|
Definition
1. monophasic pills
2. multiphasic pills` |
|
|
Term
| what are monophasic pills made of? |
|
Definition
21 active pills with the same amt of estrogen and progestin
7 placebos |
|
|
Term
| what are multiphasic pills made of |
|
Definition
| varied amounts of hormones throughout the schedule |
|
|
Term
| why were multiphasic pills developed? |
|
Definition
| to reduce the side effects of oral contraceptives associated with higher levels of hormones (breakthrough bleeding, spotting, amenorrhea) |
|
|
Term
| do multiphasic pills increase or lower total estrogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of Combination oral contraceptives? (5) |
|
Definition
1. control dysmenorrhea and anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding
2. decrease endometrial cancer by 50%
3. decreases ovarian cancer
4. decreased PID, fibrocystic disease and ovarian cysts
5. decreased acne |
|
|
Term
| Adverse Effects of combination oral contraceptives (4) |
|
Definition
1. reproductive
2. cardiovascular
3. CNS
4. Metabolic |
|
|
Term
| reproductive adverse effects of combo oral contraceptives |
|
Definition
1. breast cancer increase
2. cervical cancer increase long term
3. HPV infection |
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular adverse effects of combo oral contraceptives |
|
Definition
1. MI/stroke (only with other risk factors present - HTN, overweight, etc)
2. venous thromboembolism |
|
|
Term
| CNS effects of combo oral contraceptives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are there metabolic effects of combo oral contraceptives? |
|
Definition
| no difference in cholesterol or glucose tolerance |
|
|
Term
| what can be used in women that can't take estrogen? |
|
Definition
| progestin only pill or minipill |
|
|
Term
| what are the benefits of the minipill |
|
Definition
1. decreased menstrual loss
2. decreased menstrual cramps and pain
3. can be used by breast-feeding women
4. option for women who can't take estrogen (>35 and smoke) |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of progestin |
|
Definition
amenorrhea
irregular bleeding
heavy bleeding
***must be taken at the same time every day*** |
|
|
Term
| what decreases the metabolism and effectiveness of oral contraceptives? |
|
Definition
1. tetracyline
2. rifampin
3. metronidazole
4. penicillin
5. several anti-HIV agents
6. anti-epileptic drugs
7. St. John's Wort |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of postcoital contraceptives? |
|
Definition
1. morning after pill
2. Plan B |
|
|
Term
| How does the morning after pill work? |
|
Definition
| stimulates the endometrium followed by menstrual bleeding on withdrawal |
|
|
Term
| does the morning after pill have side effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit or delay ovulation
fertilization, transport and/or implantation may be disrupted
mechanism not completely understood |
|
|
Term
| Will postcoital regimens interrupt an established (implanted) pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do male antifertility agents work? |
|
Definition
| they inhibit LH and endogenous testosterone production |
|
|
Term
| Androgen only male antifertility agents require what? |
|
Definition
| high circulating testosternoe levels |
|
|
Term
| Progestins plus physiological doses of testosterone work by maintaining what? |
|
Definition
progestins + testosterone will inhibit LH
while maintaining physiological levels of circulating testosterone |
|
|
Term
| agent for: adolescence --> precocious puberty |
|
Definition
| GnRH agonists (leuprolide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GnRH agonists, progestins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antiestrogens, gonadotropins, GnRH agonists |
|
|
Term
| agent for: polycystic ovary syndrome |
|
Definition
| estrogens, progestins, antiandrogens, GnRH agonists |
|
|
Term
| agent for: osteoporosis, climacteric symptoms |
|
Definition
| estrogens, progestin, antiestrogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antiestrogens, progestins, aromatase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| agent for: prostate cancer |
|
Definition
| antiandrogens, GnRH agonists, estrogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 alpha reductase inhibitor |
|
|
